Largest Pressure Groups Essay Example for Free

Largest Pressure Groups EssayTo what extent are the largest pressure groups the near happy ones?Some pressure groups are more powerful than others as some succeed while others fail. Success in pressure groups is defined by how they affect government policy, their agenda-setting power and how well they can change peoples ideologies.Large groups mean that they have more members. This in turn leads to more donations. Chequebook groups tend to get most of their finance from their members, for example Greenpeace get 90% of their income from their members. This means that large groups tend to be laden.Being a wealthy group means that they have financial and economic power. For example, major corporations such as are the main source of employment and investment in the thriftiness so the government will seek their cooperation. For wealthy groups that arent business groups will possess financial strength to employ professional lobbyists and public relations consultants.However, it is the wealth not the size of the pressure group that makes them economically powerful and the biggest pressure groups are not always the most economically powerful. The CBI is more economically powerful than TUC despite the TUC having seven million members. This is because although some groups may be small, they can exert influence through their policy expertise and specialist knowledge.another(prenominal) good part of being a large group is that they can claim to represent public opinion. NSPCC is an example of this as they ensure that their membership levels remain above one million. This means that governments are most likely to listen to them because their members can have an electoral impact.However having good leadership can be a more direct form of influence than having many members. Having a high profile leader, such as Peter Tatchell of OutRage, can stand by as they have some political skills, political contacts and have developed media and presentational skills.Lastly, th e governments views are a very important part. A group may very well be large and wealthy, however if the government doesnt sympathise with their aims, then it will be very tough for them to influence policy. For example, Greenpeace are very large and wealthy but the government rarely listen to them.In conclusion, there are different factors that determine how successful a pressure group is. However, large groups tend to have a significant amount of wealth, so whether it is the size of the group or other factors that should be accredited to its success can be argued.

Inherent Fallacies Essay Example for Free

Inherent F totallyacies Es evidenceWe humans live in a world were broken fallacies run rampant. In 12 Angry Men the pen illustrates every daylight illogical fallacies people have in the setting of a court jury. jurywomans 3, 4, 7 and 10 have their own fallacies that argon unique to them in the play but can be found in common people in everyday people. In 12 Angry Men the illogical fallacy for Juror Number 3 is a general fallacy. This fallacy is the result of an emotional prejudice by juryman 3 has as he compares the defendant with his own child. Juror 3 says in the play, Youre right.Its the kids.The way they areyou know? They dont listen. Ive got a kid. When he was eight years old, he ran external from a fight. I saw him. I was so ashamed, I told him right out, Im gonna make a man out of you or Im gonna bust you up into gnomish pieces trying. When he was fifteen he hit me in the face. Hes big, you know. I havent seen him in three years. Rotten kid You work your heart out. All right, lets get on with it. (Reginald Rose 8) His emotional prejudice gets in the way of his critically thought through the evidence because he has emotional conflict with his own son.He is sort all teens together because of his altercation with his son, and Juror 3 is just punishing the young man on trial because he cannot come to turns with his own failings as a parent with his child. Towards the end of the play Juror 3 is all alone on the vote count he looks around at all of them for a long time. They sit silently, waiting for him to speak, and all of them despise him for his stubbornness. Then, suddenly, his face contorts as if he is about to cry, and he slams his fist down on the disconcert (thundering) All right (30).Juror Number 4 and 10 each has prejudices about slum dwellers. This prejudice gives way to genetic fallacies in each jurors thinking that at the beginning of the deliberations cause them to vote guilty in the initial preliminary vote. Juror 4, for example , says, Were missing the point here. This boylets say hes a product of a filthy neighborhood and a broken home. We cant help that. Were not here to go into the reasons why slums are genteelness grounds for criminals. They are. I know it. So do you. The children who come out of slum backgrounds are potential menaces to society. 23)The play says that he is a man of wealthiness and position. We can also determine this by his attitude about people from the ghetto from his previously mentioned statement. Juror 10 is prejudice for the fact that he came from the slums,I dont mind telling you, mister. We dont owe him a thing. He got a fair trial, didnt he? You know what that trial cost? Hes lucky he got it. Look, were all grownups here. Youre not going to tell us that were supposed to believe him, knowing what he is. Ive lived among em all my life. You cant believe a word they say. You know that. 5)This line of thinking also can be seen when Juror 4 tells them, Next, the boy claims that o n the way home the knife must have fallen through a hole in his coat pocket, that he never saw it again. Now theres a story, gentlemen. You know what actually happened. The boy took the knife home and a few hours later stabbed his father with it and even remembered to get across off the fingerprints (9). Juror Number Seven has no need to go over the facts again he votes with whatever the majority of the vote is deciding. Juror 7 is in a hurry to get to the play he has tickets for as noted on page 3, Right. This better be fast.Ive got tickets to The Seven Year expunge tonight. I must be the only guy in the whole world who hasnt seen it yet. (He laughs and sits down. ) Okay, your honor, start the show (3). His prejudice that gets in the way of him critically thinking through the case is selfishness, which leads to a slippery slope illogical fallacy in the play. He says to the foreman,I dont know, most of its been said already. We can talk all day about this thing, but I think were w asting our time. Look at the kids record. At fifteen he was in reform school. He steal a car. Hes been arrested for mugging. He was picked up for knife-fighting.I think they said he stabbed somebody in the arm. This is a very fine boy. (7) This statement highlights the laziness of juror 7 to mean for not necessarily do any of those things correlate with killing his father. The prejudices of all jurors are the basis of the story. These prejudices lead to many illogical fallacies that are shown and resolved throughout the play for each juror. They are attempts by the author to show how every day are riddled with fallacies of logic and how peoples personal conflicts cloud their critical thinking to reason. This play suggests that we all need to examine ourselves before we rush to any type of judgment.

Friedrich Froebel Essay Example for Free

Friedrich Froebel EssayIn 1837, having developed and tested radically new educational method and philosophybased on structured activity based learning, Froebel moved to Bad Blankenburg and establishedhis Play and Activity Institute which he renamed in 1840 Kindergarten.Kindergarten was essentially three parts Toys for sedentary creative play. (Froebel called gifts and occupations) Games and dances for healthy activity. Observing and nurturing plants in a garden for stimulating awareness of the natural sphere.Froebel stated numerous things among them are statements such asIt was a search for metaphysical unity, in which the potential growth to wholeness of theindividual child within the natural world would fulfil harmonious Ideal with the mind of God. Play is the highest expression of human development in childhood for it alone is the freeexpression of what is in a childs soul.The gifts and occupations are the living connection which makes both play and work expressionsof the sa me creative activity.

History of Cricket in India

History of Cricket in IndiaCricket is religion in India. How many times have we heard that in the news, read that in newspaper, quoted in conversations? Though the National game of India is Hockey plainly it is cricket that has the Indian ordinarys heart. People follow this game like a religion. People in India capability not be aware of Indian Hockey teams captain but they are aware of cricketers playing for the first time in national colours. Corporate ho practice sessions, politicians, even the media wants to get associated with cricket in one form or the other. This wasnt always the case with cricket. There was a time when cricket was a game only for the royals and the privileged and the common man had no or very(prenominal) little access to it.Cricket was cover backed in India by the British as early as 1791. It wasnt late in the 19th and early 20th century that it was played with a lot more interest. In 1932 India became one of the few counties to be flip overn the righ t to play international cricket. A lot of wad along with the then king of England followed the game. India, along with other countries became a regular in International cricket, but it was an average cricket playing nation. It was followed by a lot of people now, but there was very little media coverage. This might have been due to the poor performance of Indian cricket team during this time. This might overly be attributed to the fact that Indian Hockey was at its best during this time racking in medals after medals at Olympics and other International events.In 1983, a shocking turn of events took place India won the World Cup. They did so by beating the then cricket powerhouse West Indies in the finals. Indian cricket team received a heros welcome. They were the new talk of the town. Everybody wanted to see them, talk or so them and know about them. Around this time, television besides started making its way into Indian peoples drawing rooms. This is when the media, though lim ited in its scope, got a chance to bring these cricketers closer to Indian audiences and fans. This was to open a access of endless possibilities which were beneficial for both the sparkies. This was the first time Indian cricketers started making money through endorsements and sponsorship deals. This trend was started by Sunil Gavaskar. But Media had a big evanesce to play in it. The popularity of these cricketers was as much due to the coverage of their feats in the newspapers, television news (mainly Doordarshan) and radio.In the 90s both other new changes came which were about to revolutionize cricket and media both. The advent of cable television was about to change how news was viewed and how Indian audiences looked at pleasure. The rise of Sachin Tendulkar also was a phenomenon which brought unlimited money into cricket and cricketers became richer and richer through sponsorship deals and endorsements. In 1995, worldtel signed Sachin Tendulkar for Rs 30 crore, and afte r this, there was no looking back for cricketers.The beginning of 24 hours news channels saw the start of entertainment and news merging together. The media got too involved in the lives of cricketers and everything a cricketer did was in the limelight. The audience wanted to know everything about their favourite cricketer and the media delivered. This led to the untamed idolization of cricketers when they performed and their fall was even more dramatic whenever they failed.Media was instrumental in shedding light on the match fixing scandal that shook the cricket world. Before that, the cricket world used to talk about it in hush tones and nobody was sure what was going on. But the whole Hansie Cronje incident also brought down many big names and media had a big role in providing evidence against the culprits.Initially the role of the media in Indian cricket was forward-looking during the transitional period in the Indian cricket, where we were transitioning from an average crick et playing nation to a force to reckon with. But now, the Indian media, in my tactile sensation (particularly the electronic media) does not serve the interest of the people and cricket in general in fact some of it is positively anti-cricket. The Indian media today is cross making profits or helping some political party fulfil a political agenda.Earning money through selling stories about crickets to the crowd together and bringing controversies like these are not the only motive that media has with cricket. Media often diverts the attention of the people from real issues to non-issues. The real issues in India are socio-economic. Even in cricket the real issues are development based. In olden times emperors used to say if you cannot feed them bread, then give them circus This is what the Indian media is doing today. nil would disagree with the fact that a little entertainment in news would not harm anyone, but today the media is overdoing it. Media distracts people from real issues using entertainment and what better way to distract people than cricket. The best example of this would be India-Pakistan relations.The partition of 1947 and the resultant turmoil triggered off hatred, distrust and prejudice in to the highest degree every sphere of activity in the sub-continent. Interestingly, it was cricket that formed the first bilateral alter in 1952 when Pakistan, led by Abdul Hafeez Kardar, toured India, evoking a spontaneous, albeit tense, response. It was reciprocated two old age later when India paid the first official visit under Vinoo Mankad, generating an equally sensitive response. Yet since 1947 a cricket conflict brewed simultaneously between the two countries, based on the nationalist antagonism between the two teams and backed by passionate fans on both sides. And even today whenever there is a talk of the Indian and Pakistani dialogue over politics and peace process, it starts with resuming Indo-Pak cricket ties. And thus starts the agenda of distracting the general public from the real issues. Indian public, (not as a generalisation) is not disappointed with the failure in the peace negotiation as long as we win the cricket match between the two countries. Today Indo-Pak cricket offers a striking case study to see how a political conflict between two states has trickled down to the mass aim and saturated the mass psyche to such an extent, that political hostilities are not only played on the Line of Control but also on the cricket field. This mass psyche of a purported nationalist conflict has been also revved by years of state propaganda against the enemy country, which permeated in all forms of interaction and exchange with the enemy be it sports or war.Media often divides people. Be it about bomb blast, Indias Foreign policy or Indias chances in the next cricket world cup. It is effectual for a country and its people to have debates and opposing views, but the way media works in India, we are being fed opinion s about how we should think about policies, personalities and situations. Our views and opinions are polarized by the media and we see through their eyes. There was a time when Indian cricketers did not have money, and except for the cricketers playing at the international level, house servant cricketers had to struggle with their career and money. But Indian cricket board became one of the richest sporting bodies in the world. And then came IPL, the country was divided between whether it was fair for cricketers, particularly young cricketers starting their careers, to get ridiculous amount of money.Then there was corruption and this heated up the debate even more. IPL was used by politicians, cinema stars, corporate houses and media houses as well to their advantage (not taking into account Deccan chronicles recent decline). IPL became a way for everyone to earn money and easy publicity. Media also became a part of this honey pot. Constant coverage of not just cricket but of the cricketers activities, the parties and the over analysis of performances, all became part of what media circus that was IPL.Media has now become so powerful that based on one failure or success it can create stars and crystalise villains. The Ganguly-Chappell controversy was brought to the general public by the media. Something that was conjectural to stay in the dressing room was now at the medias disposal. It led to the downfall of both Ganguly as well as Greg Chappell.Media and the players have started to understand how to use each other for their own benefit. Players have started using media to increase their popularity, joining social networking sites, remaining in the public eye. All this gets them bigger and better pay checks. Today the fee these stars charge for a single endorsement is astronomical. Media has had a big role to play in that. Also a lot of players make up some controversy right before they release their autobiography. They leak some controversial part of the book and then media does the rest. But Media also benefits from these cricketers. Players give them sound bites, come as guests for expert opinions, which raises the TRPs of their programs and gets them advertising spots as well.Indian Public has been fed with large amount of information by the 24 hours news channels but the quality and standard of its content have become extremely narrow. The glitz and the glamour of television have taken the Indian viewer by storm. They surf from channel to channel, mindlessly viewing and getting information that they might not need leaving them confused and perplexed and ineffective to think for themselves and thats when media feeds them information that they want the viewer to take. The amount of money involved in cricket today and the influence it holds over the general Indian public is huge, and that make a very powerful motivator for the media to use cricket as a tool to further its agendas in India and the world.

Anti Jerk Control Of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Engineering Essay

Anti Jerk Control Of Hybrid voltaic Vehicles railway locomotiveering essayThis interim report consists of three chapters explaining the initial study and research into anti thumb view as of interbreeding electrical fomites. This project aims at electrification of anti- hitchhike control in mark vehicles by exploitation the hybrid vehicle electric motor to damp these oscillations and to analyze its effect on fuel consumption, hold dear and sportiness of the vehicle and wherefore to comp atomic number 18 the results with fuelling only method. This project impart similarly include studying the impact of passive damping with DMF in these vehicles. As a part of this project, a poseur of a hybrid diesel locomotive jamline with DMF will be developed using Simulation X and an alive(p) feed vertebral column control for an electric motor will be designed to permit active damping of these oscillations.The results obtained from simulating the catchlines placeed using Si mulation X will be observed for driveline vibrations with rate to the frequency honk and also the telescope in which the jerking frequencies affect the passengers inside the vehicle so as to concentrate on it specifically booster cable to maximum reduction in jerking of driveline.The models so developed will then subjected to design modifications and investigation in accordance with the control strategies developed and affect of the same will be observed on all the drive jibe models with level of jerk control achieved.Finally Suggestions will be made on effect of electric motor on hybrid drive train in damping the driveline oscillations, fuel consumption and sportiness of the vehicle also comparing it with the conventional drive train models. understructureIn the age of technology where everyvirtuoso is concent evaluation on improving the products by bringing in sophisticated technologies from cars to airplanes, we as human beings neglected the environment factor over the year s. 20th century was called an industrial age and much technological advancement have been made in this era which revolutionized the undivided world.One of the industries which is closely associate to connect our daily life be automobiles. Automobiles have grown rapidly over the years with stiff competition among auto violence manufacturers across the world. As the sentence passed by people become much demanding with their inte fill-ins widening the automotive market and also the fact that automotive majors started delivering those demands. These technological improvements along with human comfort factors all of us forgot ab give away the effect on environment.The number of vehicles on roads grew exponentially and consumption ciphers of petrol and diesel across the world increase drastically sending out alarm bells to search for alternate fuel technologies as the conventional petrol diesel were not only running out from their existence but also affecting the environment pick outing to considerable amount of CO2 emissions and bring forward contributing to global warming. This future occupation unfastened up opport social unities for research in alternative fuel technologies leading to the development of Hybrid vehicles, Fuel cell technologies Hydrogen fuelled cars. Few of the alternate fuel vehicles atomic number 18 Toyota Prius hybrid, Honda Civic hybrid, Honda Insight etc which have received good response in the market in terms of performance as well as in reducing CO2 emissions and have successfully proved their presence in the market with their selling volumes and fuel savings.On a smaller level, these developments lead to further research in argonas like DC/AC motors, fuel cells, battery pack technology, advanced controller design, business leader optimization and new concepts which undersurface be utilize as alternate fuels.Problem DefinitionCommonly in every locomotive engine driven system issue of noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) com es along with it. Automotive manufacturers have always tried to maintain healthy comfort to performance ratio so as to attain maximum customer satisfaction. With respect to comfort of driving, the manufacturers main aims are to provide vibration free driving pleasure as much as possible and the same applied to hybrid electric vehicles. One such area of concern in drive line jerking which affects the overall drivability. Jerking is a kind of driveline oscillations which occurs due to annoying ca employ by sudden or huge variation in engine torsion or driveline load. These excitations cause because of torsional vibration of drive train at naughty engine torques leading to unwanted longitudinal oscillations of passenger compartment which reduces the riding comfort and drivability. These oscillations have tendency to occur at low engine speeds which are experient as unpleasant jerking effect by the driver. Due to the fact diesel engines kindle high torque at low engine speeds, make s these engines more prone to this trouble. The area of concentration under this case is vibration frequencies ranging between 2- 10 Hz as human body is sensitive towards this frequency range causing unpleasant driving experience.These driveline oscillations majorly occur during trace in and vizor out conditions. In conventional diesel engine vehicles methods like active control of fuel injection into engine and passive element such as dual bundle flywheel are used to permit feed forward active as well as passive damping of these unpleasant oscillations in idle, tip-in/tip out and coast conditions. To achieve minimal amount of driveline oscillations, vehicle manufacturers have to compromise between comfort and performance of the vehicle. In diesel hybrids, the jerking can be controlled by varying fuel injection and electric motor torque control and also passively by an additional dual mass flywheel (DMF).Aims ObjectivesThe aims and objectives of this project areTo develop a mod el with three unalike configurations of male monarchtrain using Simulation X those are Conventional diesel engine, Conventional diesel engine with DMF and concludingly hybrid fountain train with DMF.To study the effects of jerk in each individual power train configuration before developing the control outline for anti jerk control.To electrify the anti jerk control in hybrid vehicles by using Crank stroke integrated stator/ floorage to damp the oscillations.To analyze the effect on fuel consumption, comfort and sportiness of the vehicle.To comparing the results with conventional fuel control method.Literature ReviewHybrid Electric VehiclesHybrid Electric Vehicle is the one which uses two or more sources of vitality to propel the vehicle which consists of an internal combustion engine and electric motor power by batteries. Hybrid vehicles are of various types such as serial publication hybrid, parallel hybrid and combination of series parallel and establish on their hybridiza tion factor they are categorized into micro, mild and full hybrids. examine 1, on a discredit floor shows the typical power split type power train. Generally, hybrid power trains are greetly to build due to its intricateity but the costs are paid off against the running costs due to improved fuel efficiency. Regenerative braking plays an significant theatrical usage in conserving energy by charging the battery pack.Figure cover a personnel Split Hybrid PowertrainTypes of Hybrid vehicles based on drive train structure pair HybridIn parallel hybrid vehicles, thither are two parallel ways for transmitting power to the wheels of the vehicle those are by engine and by electric drive, as shown in at a lower place figure 2. The transmission is coupled with the motor/generator and the engine, allowing either, or both, to power the wheels. Control architecture of parallel hybrid vehicles is more complex compared to a series hybrid due to the requirement of efficient coupling of t he motor/generator and engine so as to maintain optimum drivability and performance.Figure Parallel Hybrid PowertrainOperating modes available in parallel hybrid vehicles areEngine only blend inling bagElectric only tractionHybrid tractionRegenerative brakingSeries HybridIn series hybrid there is only one way for transmitting power to the wheels of the vehicle, but consists two energy sources. As shown in figure 3, the conventional engine is coupled to a generator for charging the battery pack which provides electrical energy to a motor/generator to power the wheels via transmission. The motor/generator can also be used for recharging the battery during braking and deceleration.Figure Series Hybrid Power trainOperating modes available in series hybrid vehicles areElectric only tractionElectric traction battery chargingBattery charging and no tractionRegenerative brakingSeries-Parallel (combined) Hybrid electric vehiclesA Series-Parallel (combined) hybrid vehicle has both the as pects Series and Parallel energy transfer paths. As shown in figure 5, a system consisting of motors and/or generators consisting of a paraphernalia or power split device allows the engine to recharge the battery. Changes in this power train configuration can range from simple to very complex type depending on the number of motors /generators and their working terminology.These configurations can be called as Complex hybrids (such as the Toyota Prius and Ford Escape Hybrids), Split-Parallel hybrids, or Power-Split hybrids.Figure Series-Parallel (Combined) Hybrid Power trainDriveline JerkingDriveline jerking also called as driveline oscillations can occur due to many antithetical factors such as load changes, gear transmutation and also the condition of the road. In recent times, direct injection diesel engines with extensive refinement of components and significant weight reduction in driveline lead to the problem of driveline jerking. Also with advancement in diesel engine tech nology over the years, output torque of these diesel engines has risen tremendously for passenger cars effecting the comfort and drivability. The problem with high engine torque is, it causes torsion of driveline due to the gear ratios of the final drive causing the torsion at drive shafts which in turn causes whole power train to oscillate with combined effect of vehicle jerking. Figure 5, shown below show the measurements on a test car caused by tip in behavior in which driver suddenly steps on the throttle combined with high torque gradient and tip out condition, the back out maneuver.Figure Engine torque and engine speed for tip in and tip out maneuvers.Though the oscillations caused by engine speed are somewhat absorbed by engine mounts but the oscillations due to wheel speed is responsible for horizontal vibrations of the vehicles longitudinal acceleration affecting the performance of the vehicle which is experienced directly by passengers. To restrain these oscillations affe cting the comfort and drivabilityfor the passengers, damping of these driveline oscillations is necessary which is referred to as Anti Jerk Control. The oscillations leading to power train jerking in conventional power train can be categorized by the Eigen frequencies of interest driveline componentsTorsion of shafts causes pitching and jerking due to suspension system, mass of the vehicle and damping. The range of frequency for this cause lies between 2 5 Hz. Also, we know that the natural frequency of the vehicle with respect to pitch motion is lies between 1 2.5 Hz.The frequency of oscillations caused by engine movement and mounts lies in the range of 15 200 Hz.The vibration due to gearbox assembly lies in the frequency range of 50-80 Hz.There are oscillation depending upon the type of engine, no. of cylinders, engine speed and also the combustion process shown in below figureTable showcasing different engine types and their Eigen frequenciesEngine TypeMultiples of Eigen Fre quency4-Cylinder ,R4, 4-Stroke2,4,6,8,106-Cylinder,R4, 4-stroke3,6,96-Cylinder,V60,4-Stroke1,5, 3, 4,5, 6, 7,5, 96-Cylinder,V90,4-Stroke1,5, 3, 4,5, 7,5, 912-Cylinder, V60, 4-Stroke6,12From the above categorization of the components and their respective Eigen frequencies, the main aim is to narrow down on the components leading to vibrations which are felt by passengers majorly and to minimize the level of vibrations by designing model based predictive control strategy while retaining the performance of the vehicle as much as possible.Hybrid Vehicle DesignThe power train which has been considered for testing the jerking behavior and the anti jerk control strategy to be designed is shown in the below figure 6. This power train is one of the possible hybrid vehicle architecture consisting of I.C engine, CISG (Crankshaft Integrated Starter/ Generator), twofold Mass Flywheel (DMF), flock, Gearbox assembly , High potency battery pack and power electronics.Figure Hybrid Vehicle archit ectureIn operation, at lower rpm the vehicle acts as pure electric vehicle powered by the on board battery pack and at higher rpm, both electric drive and I.C engine together produce required power by the vehicle. The percentage of power transmission sharing to propel the vehicle plays an important role in determining fuel efficiency.Design ConsiderationsThe components and factors which play important role in hybrid electric vehicle design shown in figure 6 areEngine design and selection The I.C engine as in conventional power train plays an important role in hybrid vehicles. Generally, engines designed for hybrid vehicles are smaller in size compared to conventional vehicles. Though the design selection of the engine is completely based on the power requirements of the vehicle.Crankshaft integrated deoxyephedrine/generator (CISG) The starter/generator is device which is controlled electronically. It combines both the functions of a conventional starter and generator into a one si ngle unit. The motive of single CISG unit is replacing the starter as a single entity which is passive in nature need to replace the old fashioned rush and pulley type connection between the alternator the engine. Also to replace the modern day rotor wound alternators with slip rings and brushes. The integrated starter/generator works as a bi-directional device which converts electrical energy to mechanical work and vice versa. As a electric motor, it assists in starting the I.C engine without any noise and also much quicker than conventional starter. As a generator it produces power required for electrical components of the vehicle and is also used to charge the batteries. Commonly integrated starter/generator is placed between engine and gearbox assembly. The main operating features of ISG are it enables stat/stop, onboard power generation and acts as power assist when required.Figure Integrated Starter / Generator.Dual Mass Flywheel (DMF) Dual mass flywheel consists of two fly wheels connected by long arc travel initiations located between I.C engine and clutch or transmission. The first DMF was introduced for the automotive industry in 1985. At that time non lubricated dampers were used consisting of heavy springs which were problematic. accordingly there was breakthrough in the DMF technology and arc spring type dampers was introduced in 1989 solving almost all the problems which were caused by DMF earlier. Due to the high cost of this product not everyone was interested but was used in large vehicles. Though DMF is a passive driveline element, it has been proven that DMF reduces torsional vibrations to certain extent and plays an important role in anti jerk control of hybrid vehicles also. The operating performance of DMF can be characterized by the spring rate and its damping characteristics.The dual mass flywheel consists of following important characteristicsPrimary and secondary inertias.The torsion damper rate.And the damping characteristic.Adva ntages of using DMF in conventional power train areSegregation of torsional vibrations we know that, torsional vibrations are caused by torque fluctuations. A vehicle is a kind of vibrating system with all the components like engine, transmission, drive shafts etc all contributing to the cause. Below figure 8, shows the simple driveline model so as to observe vibration behaviour. In this case engine and transmission are supposed as rotating inertia connected by springs. The spring C2 represents the spring damper characteristics and spring C3 showing the stiffness of the drive train.Figure Drive train with vibration modes.Figure 9 shown below depicts the fluctuations in vehicle speed and in this case damped resonance occurs at around 1700 rpm. The main aim of DMF is to sideline the vibrations occurring from the engine as far as possible from the rest of the driveline components. Also the figure compares the contrast between the extents of vibrations in a conventional drive train co mpared to one fitted with dual mass flywheel. Dual mass flywheel efficiently reduces the engine vibrations and reduces gear rattle, helps in saving the fuel consumption and also improves driving comfort.Figure Comparison of vibration damping in a conventional drive train to the one with DMFTransmission tending As DMF is said to reduce the engine vibrations, it has positive effect on the transmission system as the prove induced will be significantly less compared to a compared drive line increasing the transmission efficiency and cycle life.Crank shaft assistance In a conventional power train, we know that flywheel and clutch are connected to engine crankshaft rigidly and due to the inertia of the flywheel high reaction forces are developed on the crankshaft. But in case of DMF, the secondary flywheel can be neglected for bending load case as it connected in general to the primary flywheel by torsional damper and roller bearings which practically dont allow high transferable rea ctive forces. The primary flywheel is significantly lighter in weight, more plastic in nature compared to conventional flywheel.Battery pack design and selection The main criteria in battery design and selection depend upon the capacity, the output characteristics based on type of battery pack to be used, cycle life, cost, scope of reusability and whether recyclable on not. The size and weight of the battery pack depends on the capacity requirement. If capacity is high, more will be size and weight of the battery pack. In fact, battery pack design plays a very important role as the performance of the vehicle is dependent on the overall weight of the vehicle. In case battery pack is heavier, this would have direct impact on the power consumed to propel the vehicle which is set to rise with increase in battery weight and will also reduce the operating range of the vehicle.Figure Typical Battery pack arrangementElectric Motor Generally AC, DC and PMDC electric motors are used in hyb rid vehicle depending upon the requirement and usage. In automotive industry, certain motor specifications are not acceptable due to their inability to meet the specific requirements such as power rating at peak load conditions, continuous power supply, volumetric power density, cost, efficiency, weight, lifetime, level of protection against water and dust.Gear box assembly In hybrid vehicles, mostly a power splitter device is used which is consists of planetary gear set allowing power flow from two power generating sources to propel the vehicle. The I.C engine is generally connected to Sun gear while electric motor is connected to the planet gear.Clutch It is found in every vehicle with manual gearbox. Though the use of clutch varies from one hybrid drive train to another depending the gearbox being used as most of the hybrid power trains use automatic transmission which dont require clutch. The main purpose of clutch is to assist the vehicle starting off from stand still position as it compensates for the speed difference between engine and the driveline and slips on to synchronize both. Clutch also used to engage and disengages engine from the transmission while gear geological fault takes place.Modelling ApproachProcedure of workPower train jerking in hybrid vehicles is majorly due to engine electric motor torque changes during tip in and tips out operations. For investigating the problem of jerking for a hybrid vehicle, certain steps have been laid out for modeling the power train in five different steps which are in below figure 9 to observe and analyze each case individually with root causeFigure Modelling ProcedureBasic Driveline EquationsEngine The engine output torque is expressed by the driving torque (Te) generated from combustion , clangoring torque (Tfric,e) and the external load from clutch (Tc) .By Newtons second law of motion, we can achieve the following modelWhere Je is the mass of inertia of the engine, is the crank angular acceleratio n.Clutch Generally a friction type clutch is installed in vehicles with manual transmission connecting to the engine flywheel and commentary shaft of the transmission. During clutch engagement if we assume no internal friction, Tc = Tt can be obtained. Then the torque transmitted is function of angular difference (cs c) and angular velocity difference ( ) resulting inFigure vehicle driveline with corresponding angle and torque labels.Transmission A transmission consists of a gear set each with a different operating ratio it leading to relation between input and output torqueWhere Tp is the transmission output and Tfric is the internal friction torque of the transmission.Propeller shaft The shaft which connects the transmissions output to the final drive unit in which no friction is assumed which gives us Tp = Tf , resulting in model for torque input to final driveFinal Drive final drive can be considered as a final ratio if as for the transmission leading to input and output torq ue relationDrive strokes The shafts which connect wheels to the final drive are called drive shafts. It can be assumed that both the wheels are rotating at same speed ( ). Ignoring the vehicle dynamics, the wheel speed shall be equal to speed of vehicle bodys centre of gravitational force.Therefore, drive shafts can be modelled as one shaft.Wheels The forces acting on a vehicle with mass (m) and velocity (v) the longitudinal forces (FL)acting on the vehicle givesRolling resistance (Rr) = f*m*g and slick drag (Ra) =1/2*Af*Cd**V2.Where, m=mass of the vehicle, g=gravity constant, f=0.015(co-efficient of rolling resistance), Rr=rolling resistance, Ra=aerodynamic drag, Af=cross sectioned area, Cd=coefficient of drag, density (), V=velocity.The drive line model can be expressed as a system consisting of rotating lumped inertias, compliances, damping dischargees, input torque and haemorrhoid acting due to environmental resistive forces. A simple 2 degree of freedom model (fig 10) is sufficient to show the first torsional mode of vibrations which lead to jerking of vehicle.Figure Free body diagram of a conventional drivelineWhere, Teng = engine torque, road load = Tload , e = engine speed, v = vehicle speed, Je = mass moment of inertia, be = viscous friction, r = final drive ratio, Ks CS = drive shafts flexibility, Cw = damper, vehicle inertia = Jv.Hybrid Power train ModelAs discussed earlier in report, the hybrid power train consists of additional components compared to conventional type which include electric motor, batteries, power electronics which form together the electric drive unit of the vehicle.Engine Engine in hybrid power train plays a very important role in terms of fuel savings and vehicle assist. An engine model to be used for hybrid power train must be considered for following issuesThe engine model must produce desired torque output irrespective of operating conditions.The engines dynamic behaviour leading to torque fluctuations generates driv e line vibrations which in turn affects the driver comfort.As engine is not quick enough to respond to control actions implemented externally, the response delay can have significant affect on the vehicles performance.Engine can be modeled in many different ways depending upon the level of complexity required and the availability of parameters which can later be used for validating the inputs. The basic equation of engine model has been already discussed earlier which can be applied for the hybrid power train model also.Electric Motor/ Controller The electric traction motor and controller consume the power from the onboard energy storage device like battery to provide the power source so as to generate the required torque for vehicle propulsion. The electric motor can also be used as starter/alternator or as a generator to recover energy during braking which can be used to charge batteries. The traction motor model can be described by following equationsWhere idr , iqr are d,q axis rotor rate of flow respectively ids ,iqs are d, q axis primary current respectively Lm, is mutual evocation Lr , LJ are resolved rotor, stator inductance respectively P are poles Rr, Rs are resolved rotor, stator resistance respectively, ohms Vds Vqs are d, q axis primary voltage respectively, V dr and qr are d, q axis rotor equivalent flux respectively, V-sec ds and qs are d,q axis stator equivalent flux respectively, V-sec e is synchronous frequency, rps r is rotor frequency, rps , is rotor acceleration, rps2 Ts is electric motor torque, Nm.The limiting torque of the motor can be expressed byWhere b, is motor base speed, rpm m is mechanical motor speed, rpm Prated is the rater motor power, hp Trated is the rated motor torque, Nm Tm is mechanical motor torque, Nm.In addition to this, equations of motion for DC electric machine areWhere is the torque output of the machine proportional to the armature current, e is the back emf of the machine is proportional to the velocity of the rotorDrive Shaft The drive shaft plays very important role in the drive train for transmitting the torque and rotation. They are subjected high torsion and shear stresses and thus must have must have high stiffness. Below shown in the drive modelled using lumped inertias and their corresponding basic equationsTDS =KDS (T W) + CDS (T W)Wheels The forces acting on a vehicle with mass (m) and velocity (v) the longitudinal forces (Fe)acting on the vehicle givesStationary model of the vehicle assuming all forces act through the centre of gravity and only in longitudinal direction.Gears Assuming no losses in transmission the basic equation for gearing isBut in reality there are viscous losses, sealing bearings drag contact friction. Losses vary with gear change but can be modelled as a loss torque tl acting on the transmission input shaft there can be shown asCapacitor It is device which stores energy an can be modelled by current equationBattery Batteries are characterized by energy density, C-rating, cycle life, thermal run away and variations in temperature. Table below shows the comparison among different types of batteries with their technical specifications available in the market for HEV applicationsPropertyLead AcidNiMHLithiumCell Voltage Volts21.23.6Energy assiduity WH/Kg30-4050-80100-200Power Density W/Kg100-200100-500500-8000Maximum Discharge Rate6 -10C15C100CUseful Capacity DOD%5050-8080 rupture Efficiency %60-8070-90100Self Discharge %/Month3-4302-10Temperature Range C-40 +60-30 +60-40 +60Cycle Life Cycles600-90010002000Micro-cycle TolerantDeterioratesYesYes healthy (Over/Under Voltage)YesYesNeeds BMSCost per kWH100170150 TargetA basic battery model might include an open lap covering voltage and internal resistance Rc and RdSOC CalculationSOCic = initial SOC of the battery (assume 1 fully charged)Ibat = battery current that can be both positive and prohibitQbat = battery capacity (Ah), needs converting to A.s for the fashion modelSimulation Too lSimulation XSimulation X is a multi domain program for modeling and simulation created by ITI GmbH. Some of its main features and capabilities areEnables high level modelling platform for complex systems.Integrated with CAE design toolOver 30 modular industry specific libraries including automotive.Development of user specific libraries based on standard ones.Object oriented modelling language for simple and efficient modelling. murder of user based C code through external sources.Provides interface between various software available in market such as MATLAB/Simulink etc. compendium tools available in Simulation X areTransient Simulation Capable of computing linear and non-linear models in the time domain. stiff State Simulation Analyzing the models in periodic steady state condition dependent on a specific reference value.Linear System Analysis (Natural frequencies and mode shapes) Efficiently generates damped and un damped natural frequencies of the complete system , time const ants , eigen vectors, oscillations of state variables related to particular eigen frequencies.Linear System Analysis (Input Output Analysis) Enables linearization in the current operating point , analysis, export of state space matricesModelling in Simulation XThe vehicle type selected for the analysis of jerking and its effects is a sport utility vehicle (SUV) powered by a diesel engine shown earlier in figure 6 consisting a conventional diesel engine with crankshaft integrated starter generator (CISG), a DMF, a transmission gear box, a clutch between the transmission and the DMF, differential as a part of conventional power train and high voltage battery pack with power electronics on board as electric drive unit for the vehicle. Creating simulation models for hybrid power train requires various components of power train such as mechanics, hydraulics, electronics and pneumatics including the control aspects involved.

History of Genetic Engineering

History of Genetic engine roomGenetic engineering is a deliberate modification of the char stand foreristics of an organism by manipulating its divisortic material. This chapter describes how earn carried out between 1970s and 1980s produced technologies that researchers now riding habit to manipulate the genetic material of organisms.Key concepts coveredRecombinant- deoxyribonucleic acid engineering science is a technology in which genetic material from one organism is introduced into another(prenominal) organism and then replicated and expressed by that other organism.Gene sequencing is the process of ascertain the precise localise of nucleotides within a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule.Recombinant- deoxyribonucleic acid technology has been used to make insulin and other valet de chambre proteins for medicine.Recombinant DNAThe prospect of recombinant DNA emerged from twain advances in biochemistry(1) Discoveries of restriction enzymes that act as scissors to cut molecule s of DNA at specific nucleotide sequences and(2) Discoveries of DNA ligases enzymes that forge molecular bonds.Creation of First Recombinant DNA (1972)In 1972, capital of Minnesota Berg (1926- ), a biochemistry professor at Stanford University, make upd the first recombinant DNA molecule. He first isolated the DNA molecules from two different organisms, the SV40 monkey virus and a bacteriuml virus known as Lamdba bacteriophage (or phage ). Using a cut-and-splice method, he created sticky checks in the DNA of both viruses. Then he joined them together with DNA ligase.Invention of Recombinant DNA (rDNA) Technology (1973)Recombinant-DNA technology is a technology in which a rDNA plasamid is introduced into bacteria and then replicated and expressed by that bacteria.It was invented through the work of Herbert W. Boyer (1936- ), Stanley N. Cohen (1935- ), Paul Berg, and Janet Mertz (1949- ).After Berg created the first recombinant DNA molecules in 1972, Boyer and Cohen took Bergs wor k a step further by introducing the rDNA plasmid to E. coli bacterial cells.A plasmid is DNA, found in bacteria, that is separate from and can replicate independently of the bacteriums chromosomal DNA. The phenomenon of transformation permits the rDNA plasmid to be introduced into and expressed by E. coli cells. The bacteria containing the rDNA plasmid grow on petri dishes to form tiny colonies. But in a typical procedure, only 1 in about 10,000 bacteria cells takes up the rDNA plasmid. The rDNA plasmid must contain a selectable gene so that they can be efficiently picked up from the culture. This can be done by utilise a drug-resistance gene to make the rDNA plasmid resistant to antibiotics such as tetracycline. Adding tetracycline to the culture will ensure that only the bacteria with the rDNA plasmids survive.In 1974, at the urge of Standford Universitys patent forwardice, Boyer and Cohen filed a patent for recombinant DNA technology.Asilomar ConferencesPotential dangers of re combinant genetic engineering emerged even before Berg published his landmark 1972 paper. Although the SV40 virus was plan to be harmless for kind, Borg was concerned about the prospect of an altered form of the virus spreading through a common bacteria. So he deferred grammatical constituent of his research program, and did not insert the recombinant virus into bacterial cells as he originally planned.In 1973, Berg organized a small conference at Asilomar, California to address the growing concerns about gene-manipulation technology. In 1974 Berg published a widely discussed letter on the potential dangers of recombinant DNA research. Subsequently, a moratorium on research in 1975 (Asilomar II) provided time for regulations to be devised and put into effect in 1976.Gene Sequencing, Gene Splicing, and Reverse TranscriptionGene SequencingGene sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. It includes any method that is used to deter mine the order of the four bases A, G, C, and T in a chain of DNA.Frederick Sanger (1918-2013), a biochemist in England, is a pioneer of sequencing. He has received two Nobel prizes one for the sequencing of proteins (in 1958), the other for the sequencing of DNA (in 1980).In the early 1950s, Sanger had solved the sequencing of a protein use a sequence of degradation reactions. A protein is made up of a sequence of amino acids strung into a chain. To identify the sequence of a protein, Sanger would arrest off one amino acid from the end of the chain, dissolve it in solvents, and identify it chemically. He would repeat the degradation and identification process until he reached the end of the protein.In the mid-1960s, Sanger switched his focus from protein to DNA. But his methods that had worked so well for proteins didnt work for DNA. Proteins are chemically structured such that amino acids can be serially snapped off the chain moreover with DNA, no such tools existed.In 1971 , Sanger devised a gene-sequencing technique using the copying reaction of DNA polymerase. At first, the method was inefficient and erring because the copying reaction was too fast. In 1975, He made an ingenious modification. He doctored the copying reaction with a series of chemicals variants of A, C, G, and T -that were still recognized by DNA polymerase, but slowed down its copying ability. On February 24, 1977, Sanger used this technique to reveal the full sequence of phi X 174 (or X174) bacteriophage.Gene SplicingIn 1977, scientists discovered that most animal (and animal virus) proteins were not encoded in long, continuous stretches of DNA. They were split into modules, interrupted by regions called introns that do not hold protein-encoding information. By dissever the genes into modules, a cell could generate more combination of messages out of a single gene. When a DNA with introns is used to build RNA the introns have to be removed from the RNA message. This phrase for the process is called gene splicing or RNA splicing.Reverse TranscriptionIn 1970, David Baltimore (1938- ) and Howard Temin (1934-94), two virologists, discovered an enzyme that could build DNA from an RNA template. They called the enzyme reverse transcriptase. Using this enzyme, every RNA in a cell could be used as a template to build its synonymic DNA.The production of proteins from recombinant DNA represented a crucial transition in the history of medical technology. To see to it the impact of this transition from genes to medicine we need to understand the nature of drugs.Nearly every drug works by binding to its target and enabling or disabling it turning molecular switches on or off. To be useful, a drug must bind to its switches but to only a selected set of switches. Most molecules can barely achieve this level of specificity but proteins have been designed explicitly for this purpose. Proteins are the enabler and disablers, the regulators, the gatekeepers, the operat ors, of cellular reactions. They are the switches that most drugs seek to turn on or off.Proteins are thus poised to be some of the most potent and most discriminating medicines in the pharmacological world. But to make a protein, one needs its gene and here recombinant DNA technology provided the crucial link. The cloning of human gens allowed scientists to manufacture proteins and the synthesis of proteins opened the possibility of targeting the millions of biochemical reactions in the human body. Proteins made it possible for chemists to throw in on previously impenetrable aspects of our physiology. The use of recombinant DNA to produce proteins thus marked a transition not just between one gene and one medicine, but between genes and anovel universe of drugs.Founding of Genetech (1975)In 1975, Robert Swanson (1947-99), a venture capitalist, approached Herb Boyer with a proposal to starting a company that would use gene-cloning techniques to make medicines. Boyer was fascinate d. His own son had been diagnosed with a potential growth disorder, and Boyer had been gripped by the possibility of producing human growth hormone, a protein to treat such growth defects. leash hours subsequently they met, Swanson and Boyer had reached a tentative agreement to start such a company with seed moneys from venture firms. Boyer called this company Genentech a condensation of Genetic Engineering Technology.Synthesis of Insulin (1978)Purified animal-sourced insulin was the only type of insulin available to diabetics until genetic advances occurred later with medical research. The amino acid structure of insulin was characterized in 1953 by Frederick Sanger. The protein was made up of two chain (A and B) one larger and one smaller, cross-linked by chemical bonds.Boyers plan for the synthesis of insulin was simple. He did not have the gene for human insulin at spend no one did but he would build it from scratch using DNA chemistry, nucleotide by nucleotide, triplet u pon triplet. He would make one gene for the A chain, and another gene for the B chain. He would insert both the genes in bacteria and trick them to synthesizing the human proteins.. He would purify the two protein chains and then stitch them chemically to obtain the U-shaped molecule.But Boyer was cautious. He treasured an easier running play case before lunging straight for insulin. He focused on another protein somatostatin also a hormone, but with little commercial potential. To synthesize the somatostatin gene from scratch, Boyer recruited Keiichi Itakura and Art Riggs from the City of Hope in Los Angeles. Swanson was opposed to the whole plan. He wanted Boyer to move to insulin directly. Genentech was living in borrowed space on borrowed money. Still Boyer convinced Swanson to give somatostatin a chance. In the meantime, two teams of of geneticist had also entered the race to make insulin. superstar at Harvard and the other one at UCSF.By the fall of 1977, they succeeded i n synthesizing somatostatin, and started focusing on insulin. At this time, the competition was fierce. The Harvard team had apparently cloned the native human gene out of human cells and were ready to make the protein. The UCSF team has synthesized a few micrograms of protein and were planning to inject the human hormone into patients.It was Asilomar that came to their rescue. Like most University laboratories with federal funding, the UCSF team was bounded by the Asilomar restrictions on recombinant DNA. In contrast, Boyers team had decided to use a chemically synthesized version of the insulin gene. A synthetic gene DNA created as a naked chemical fell into the gray zone of Asilomars language and was relatively save. Genentech, as a privately funded company, was also relatively exempt from the federal guidelines.In the summer of 1978, Boyer learned that the Harvard team was about to announce successful isolation of the human hormone gene. To his relief, the gene that the Harv ard team had cloned was not human but rate insulin. Cloning had made it easy to cross the barriers between species.By May 1978, Genentech had synthesized the two chains of insulin in bacteria. By July, the scientists had purified the proteins out of the bacteria debris. In early August, they snipped of the the attached bacterial proteins and isolated the two individual chains. On August 21, 1978, they joined the protein chains together in a test tube to create the first molecules of recombinant insulin. In September 1979, Genentech applied for a patient for insulin. The Genetech patent would soon become one of the most lucrative petents in the history of technology.Synthesis of mover VIII (1983)Hemophilia is a rare drawing disorder in which the blood doesnt clot normally.If you have hemophilia, you may bleed for a longer time than others after an injury. You also may bleed inside your body (internally), especially in your knees, ankles, and elbows. This bleeding can damage your or gans and tissues and may be life threatening.Hemophilia is caused by a single mutation in the gene for a crucial clotting gene in blood, called factor VIII, and, until the mid-1980s, was treated with injections of concentrated factor VIII. During 1982 and early 1983, an emergence of mysterious immunological collapse among patients with multiple blood transfusions pinpointed the cause of the illness to blood-born factor that had contaminate the supply of factor VIII -a virus called AIDS. Nearly all the HIV-infacted hemophiliacs from the initial cohort had died of the complications of AIDS.In the spring of 1983, Dave Goeddel (1951- ) at Genentech began to focus on cloning the factor VIII gene. Meanwhile, a team of researchers from Harvard, lead by Tom Maniatis (1943- ) and Mark Ptashne (1940- ), formed a company called Genetics Institute (GI) also joined the race.As with insulin, the logic behind the cloning effort was evident rather than purifying the missing clotting factor out of liters of human blood, why not create the protein artificially, using gene cloning? If factor VIII could be produced through gene-cloning methods, it would be virtually free of any human contaminants, i=thereby reading it inherently safer than any blood-derived protein.Genetech k invigorated that the factor VIII project would challenge the outer limits of gene-cloning technology. Somatostatin had 14 amino acids insulin had 51. Factor VIII had 2,350. To succeed, the gene cloners would need to use new cloning technologies Both the somatstatin and insulin genes had been created from scratch by stitching together bases of DNA. But factor VIII gene was far too large to be created using DNA chemistry. To isolate the factor VIII gene, Genetech would need to tpull the native gene out of human cells.Tom Maniatis of GI, found a solution he had pioneered the technology to build genes out of RNA templateds using reverse transcriptase, the enzyme that could build DNA from RNA. Reverse transcri ptase made it possible to clone a gene after the intervening stuffer sequences had been snipped off by the cells splicing apparatus.In April, 1983, both Genentech and GI announced that they had purified recombinant factor VIII in test tubes a blood-clotting factor untainted by human blood.The production of factor VIII from its gene broke an important conceptual ground. The fears of Asilomar had been perfectly inverted. And gene cloning had emerged as potentially the safest way to produce a medical product for human use.

Freedom :: American America History

Freedom In the Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass written by Fredrick Douglass, he and the comfort of the strivers in 1840 had to be tricky to survive. Douglass used trickery to his advantage and made it into a positive action, freedom. Douglass went through many hardships and disturbing ordeals. He witnessed his younger chum get his head bashed in, that in it self is horrific enough. He overheard Mr. Auld, one of his masters, telling Mrs. Auld that it was unsafe to read a buckle down to read (Douglass 42). Douglass took this as motivation and strove to learn to read and write. Douglasss next master was Edward Covey, a well-known slave breaker, for a year. Covey was very tricky. He would pretend to ride into town, consequently walk back and sneak up on the slaves as to scare and deceive them. One day, after a severe beating by Covey, (Douglass 86) Douglass ran for resort hotel for one night from a slave named Sandy Jenkins. Jenkins believed that a certain root had magica l powers and told Douglass that if he wore it on his right side no gaberdine man could beat him (Douglass 90). He returned the next day wearing the root, and to his surprise, Covey did not beat him for a time. A few days later, Covey essay to tie him up for a beating. Douglass fought back and after a two-hour struggle, Covey gave up. Since Covey did not want to ruin his reputation as a slave breaker, he never sent Douglass to the authorities to be punished for hitting a snow-covered man. Douglass used Coveys own reputation against him and tricked him into never crossing and big(a) him again. When Douglasss year was over with Covey, he went to live with Mr. Freeland. Freeland became his new master and had two slaves. A little while after Douglass came to live there, he sparked inte end in the others and began to check them to read and write in Sabbath school. It was understood among tout ensemble in all who came, that there must be as little display about it as possible. (Dou glass 103) Douglass managed to teach many, whom might suffer up to nine lashes for leaving their plantation (Douglass 104). The religious masters thought the slaves were spending the Sabbath in wrestling, boxing or drinking whisky, when all along they were learning to read and write.Freedom American America HistoryFreedom In the Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass written by Fredrick Douglass, he and the rest of the slaves in 1840 had to be tricky to survive. Douglass used trickery to his advantage and made it into a positive action, freedom. Douglass went through many hardships and disturbing ordeals. He witnessed his younger fellow get his head bashed in, that in it self is horrific enough. He overheard Mr. Auld, one of his masters, telling Mrs. Auld that it was unsafe to teach a slave to read (Douglass 42). Douglass took this as motivation and strove to learn to read and write. Douglasss next master was Edward Covey, a well-known slave breaker, for a year. Covey was ve ry tricky. He would pretend to ride into town, indeed walk back and sneak up on the slaves as to scare and deceive them. One day, after a severe beating by Covey, (Douglass 86) Douglass ran for safety device for one night from a slave named Sandy Jenkins. Jenkins believed that a certain root had magical powers and told Douglass that if he wore it on his right side no white man could beat him (Douglass 90). He returned the next day wearing the root, and to his surprise, Covey did not beat him for a time. A few days later, Covey tried to tie him up for a beating. Douglass fought back and after a two-hour struggle, Covey gave up. Since Covey did not want to ruin his reputation as a slave breaker, he never sent Douglass to the authorities to be punished for hitting a white man. Douglass used Coveys own reputation against him and tricked him into never crossing and intemperate him again. When Douglasss year was over with Covey, he went to live with Mr. Freeland. Freeland became his ne w master and had two slaves. A little while after Douglass came to live there, he sparked interest in the others and began to teach them to read and write in Sabbath school. It was understood among all who came, that there must be as little display about it as possible. (Douglass 103) Douglass managed to teach many, whom might suffer up to nine lashes for leaving their plantation (Douglass 104). The religious masters thought the slaves were spending the Sabbath in wrestling, boxing or drinking whisky, when all along they were learning to read and write.