The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 16

Damon clearly decided to throw himself on the mercy of the court, and looked piteous and a little unbalanced, which he could easily do whenever he wanted. â€Å"I really didn't try to Influence you,† he repeated, but then hastily added, â€Å"Maybe I can just change the subject for a while – tell you more about the star balls.† â€Å"That,† Elena said in her most frosty voice, â€Å"might be a rather good idea.† â€Å"Well, the balls make recordings directly from your neurons, you see? Your neurons in your brain. Everything you've ever experienced is there in your mind somewhere, and the ball just draws it out.† â€Å"So you can always remember it and watch it over and over like a movie, too?† Elena said, twiddling with her veil to shade her face from him, and thinking that she would give a star ball to Alaric and Meredith before their wedding. â€Å"No,† Damon said, rather grimly. â€Å"Not like that. For one thing, the memory is gone from you – these are kitsune toys we're talking about, remember? Once the star ball has taken it from your neurons, you don't remember a thing about the event. Second, the ‘recording' on the star ball gradually fades – with use, with time, with some other factors nobody understands. But the ball gets cloudier, and the sensations weaker, until finally it's just an empty crystal sphere.† â€Å"But – that poor man was selling a day of his life. A wonderful day! I should think he would want to keep it.† â€Å"You saw him.† â€Å"Yes.† Once again Elena saw the louse-ridden, haggard, gray-faced old man. She felt something like ice down her spine at the thought that he had once been the laughing, joyous, young John that she had experienced. â€Å"Oh, how sad,† she said, and she wasn't talking about memory. But, for once, Damon hadn't followed her thoughts. â€Å"Yes,† he said. â€Å"There are a lot of the poor and the old here. They worked themselves free of slavery, or had a generous owner die†¦and then this is where they end up.† â€Å"But the star balls? Are they just made for poor people? The rich ones can just travel to Earth and see a real summer day for themselves, right?† Damon laughed without much humor. â€Å"Oh, no, they can't. Most of them are bound here.† He said bound oddly. Elena ventured, â€Å"Too busy to go on vacation?† â€Å"Too busy, too powerful to get through the wards protecting Earth from them, too worried about what their enemies will do while they're gone, too physically decrepit, too notorious, too dead.† â€Å"Dead?† The horror of the tunnel and the corpse-smelling fog seemed ready to envelope Elena. Damon flashed one of his evil smiles. â€Å"Forgot that your boyfriend is de mortius? Not to mention your honorable master? Most people, when they die, go to another level than this – much higher or much lower. This is the place for the bad ones, but it's the upper level. Farther down – well, nobody wants to go there.† â€Å"Like Hell?† Elena breathed. â€Å"We're in Hell?† â€Å"More like Limbo, at least where we are. Then there's the Other Side.† He nodded toward the horizon where the lowering sun still sat. â€Å"The other city, which may have been where you went on your ‘vacation' to the afterlife. Here they just call it ‘The Other Side.' But I can tell you two rumors I heard from my informants. There, they call it the Celestial Court. And there, the sky is crystal blue and the sun is always rising.† â€Å"The Celestial Court†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Elena forgot that she was speaking aloud. She knew instinctively that it was the queens-and-knights-and-sorceresses kind of court, not a court of law. It would be like Camelot. Just saying the words brought up an aching nostalgia, and – not memories, but the tip-of-the-tongue feeling that memories were locked right behind a door. It was a door, however, that was securely locked, and all Elena could see through the keyhole were ranks of more women like the Guardians, tall, golden-haired, and blue-eyed, and one – child-sized among the grown women – who glanced up, and, piercingly, from a long way off, met Elena's gaze directly. The litter was moving out of the bazaar into more slums, which Elena took in with darting quick glances on either side of her, hiding in her veil. They seemed like any earthly slums, barrios, or favella – only worse. Children, their hair turned red by the sun, crowded around Elena's litter, their hands held out in a gesture with universal meaning. Elena felt a tearing at her insides that she had nothing of real value to give them. She wanted to build houses here, make sure these children had food and clean water, and education, and a future to look forward to. Since she had no idea how to give them any of these things, she watched them dash off with treasures such as her Juicy Fruit gum, her comb, her minibrush, her lip gloss, her water bottle, and her earrings. Damon shook his head, but didn't stop her until she began fumbling with a lapis and diamond pendant Stefan had given her. She was crying as she tried to disengage the clasp when suddenly the last bit of the rope around her wrist came up short. â€Å"No more,† Damon said. â€Å"You don't understand anything. We haven't even entered the city proper yet. Why don't you have a look at the architecture instead of worrying about useless brats who're likely to die anyway?† â€Å"That's cold,† Elena said, but she couldn't think of any way to make him understand, and she was too angry with him to try. Still, she stopped fumbling with the chain and looked beyond the slums as Damon had suggested. There she could see a breathtaking skyline, with buildings that seemed meant to last for eternity, made of stones that looked the way the Egyptian pyramids and Mayan ziggurats must have looked when they were new. Everything, though, was colored red and black by a sun now concealed by sullen crimson cloudbanks. That huge red sun – it gave the air a different look for different moods. At times it seemed almost romantic, glinting on a large river Elena and Damon passed, picking out a thousand tiny wavelets in the slow-moving water. At other times, it simply seemed alien and ominous, showing clearly on the horizon like a monstrous omen, tingeing the buildings, no matter how magnificent, the color of blood. When they turned away from it, as the litter bearers moved down into the city where the huge buildings were, Elena could see their own long and menacing black shadow thrown ahead of th em. â€Å"Well? What do you think?† Damon seemed to be trying to placate her. â€Å"I still think it looks like Hell,† Elena said slowly. â€Å"I'd hate to live here.† â€Å"Ah, but whoever said that we should live here, my Princess of Darkness? We'll go back home, where the night is velvet black and the moon shines down, making everything silver.† Slowly, Damon traced one finger from her hand, up her arm to her shoulder. It sent an inner shiver through her. She tried holding the veil up as a barrier against him, but it was too transparent. He still flashed that brilliant smile at her, dazzling through the diamond-dotted white – well, shell pink, of course, because of the light – that was on her side of the veil. â€Å"Does this place have a moon?† she asked, trying to distract him. She was afraid – afraid of him – afraid of herself. â€Å"Oh, yes: three or four of them, I think. But they're very small and of course the sun never goes down, so you can't see them as well. Not†¦romantic.† He smiled at her, again, slowly this time, and Elena looked away. And in looking, she saw something in front of her that captured her entire attention. In a side street a cart had overturned, spilling large rolls made out of fur and leather. There was a thin, hungry-looking old woman attached to the cart like a beast, who was lying on the ground, and a tall angry man standing over her, raining down blows with a whip on her unprotected body. The woman's face was turned toward Elena. It was contorted in a grimace of anguish, as she tried ineffectually to roll into a ball, her hands over her stomach. She was naked from the waist up, but as the whip lashed into her flesh, her body from throat to waist was being covered by a coating of blood. Elena felt herself swelling with Wing Powers, but somehow none would come. She willed with all her circulating life-force for something – anything – to break free from her shoulders, but it was no good. Maybe it had something to do with wearing the remains of slave bracelets. Maybe it was Damon, beside her, telling her in a forceful voice not to get involved. To Elena, his words were no more than punctuation to the heartbeat pounding in her ears. She jerked the rope sharply out of his hands, and then scrambled out of the litter. In six or seven leaps she was beside the man with the whip. He was a vampire, his fangs elongated at the sight of the blood before him, but never stopping his frenzied lashing. He was too strong for Elena to handle, but†¦ With one more step Elena was straddling the woman, both her arms flung out in the universal gesture of protection and defiance. Rope dangled from one wrist. The slave owner was not impressed. He was already launching the next whiplash, and it struck Elena across the cheek and simultaneously opened a great gap in her thin summer top, slicing through her camisole and scoring the flesh underneath. As she gasped, the tail of the whip cut through her jeans as if denim were butter. Tears formed involuntarily in Elena's eyes, but she ignored them. She had managed not to make a sound other than that initial gasp. And she still stood exactly where she had first landed in protection. Elena could feel the wind whip at her tattered blouse, while her untouched veil waved behind her, as if to protect the poor slave who had collapsed against the ruined cart. Elena was still desperately trying to bring out any kind of Wings. She wanted to fight with real weapons, and she had them, but she couldn't force them to save either her or the poor slave behind her. Even without them Elena knew one thing. That bastard in front of her wasn't going to touch his slave again, not unless he cut Elena into pieces first. Someone stopped to stare, and someone else came out of a shop, running. When the children who'd been trailing her litter surrounded her, wailing, a crowd of sorts gathered. Apparently it was one thing to see a merchant beating his worn-out drab – the people around here must have seen that almost daily. But to see this beautiful new girl having her clothes slashed away, this girl with hair like golden silk under a veil of gold and white, and eyes that perhaps reminded some of them of a barely remembered blue sky – that was quite another thing. Moreover, the new girl was obviously a fresh barbarian slave who had clearly humiliated her master by tearing the lead ropes from his hands and was standing now with her sanctity veil made into a mockery. Terrific street theater. And even given all of that, the slave owner was preparing for another stroke, raising his arm high and preparing to put his back into it. A few people in the crowd gasped; others were muttering indignantly. Elena's new sense of hearing, turned up high, could catch their whispering. A girl like this wasn't meant for the slums at all; she must have been destined for the heart of the city. Her aura alone was enough to show that. In fact, with that golden hair and those vivid blue eyes, she might even be a Guardian from the Other Side. Who knew – ? The lash that was raised never descended. Before it could, there was a flash of black lightning – pure Power – that sent half the crowd scattering. A vampire, young in appearance and dressed in the clothing of the upper world, Earth, had made his way to stand between the golden girl and the slave owner – or rather to loom over the now cringing slave owner. The few in the crowd not stirred by the girl immediately felt their hearts pulse at the sight of him. He was the girl's owner, surely, and now he would see to the situation. At that instant, Bonnie and Meredith arrived on the scene. They were reclining on their litter, decorously draped in their veils, Meredith in starry midnight blue and Bonnie in soft pale green. They could have been an illustration for The Arabian Nights. But the moment they saw Damon and Elena, they most indecorously jumped off the litter. By now the crowd was so thick that working their way to the front required using elbows and knees, but in only seconds they were at Elena's side, hands defiantly unbound or trailing rope that hung defiantly free, veils floating in the wind. When they did arrive beside Elena, Meredith gasped. Bonnie's eyes opened wide and stayed that way. Elena understood what they were seeing. Blood was flowing freely from the cut across her cheekbone and her blouse kept opening in the wind to reveal her torn and bloody camisole. One leg of her jeans was rapidly turning red. But, drawn up into the protection of her shadow, was a far more pitiful figure. And as Meredith raised Elena's diaphanous veil to help keep her blouse closed and once more enshroud her in decency, the woman herself raised her head, to look at the three girls with the eyes of a dumb and hunted animal. Behind them, Damon said softly, â€Å"I shall quite enjoy this,† as he lifted the heavy man into the air with one hand and then struck his throat like a cobra. There was a hideous scream, which went on and on. No one tried to interfere, and no one tried to cheer the slave owner on to make a fight. Elena, scanning the faces of the crowd, realized why. She and her friends had become used to Damon – or as used as you could become to his half-tamed air of ferocity. But these people were getting their first look at the young man dressed all in black, of medium height and slim build, who made up for his lack of bulging muscle with a supple and deadly grace. This was enhanced by the gift of somehow dominating all the space around him, so that he effortlessly became the focal point of any picture – the way a black panther might become the focal point if it were walking lazily down a crowded city street. Even here, where menace and an aspect of outright evil were commonplace, this young man exuded a quality of danger that made people want to stay out of his line of sight, much less his way. Meanwhile Elena and both Meredith and Bonnie were looking around for some sort of medical assistance, or even for something clean that would staunch wounds. After about a minute, they realized that it wasn't just going to appear, so Elena appealed to the crowd. â€Å"Does anyone know a doctor? A healer?† she shouted. The audience merely watched her. They seemed loath to get involved with a girl who had obviously defied the black-clad demon now wringing the slave owner's neck. â€Å"So you all think it's just fine,† Elena shouted, hearing the loss of control, the disgust and fury in her own voice, â€Å"for a bastard like that to be whipping a starving pregnant woman?† There were a few downcast eyes, a few scattered replies on the theme of â€Å"He was her master, wasn't he?† But one youngish man who had been leaning against a stopped wagon, straightened up. â€Å"Pregnant?† he repeated. â€Å"She doesn't look pregnant!† â€Å"She is!† â€Å"Well,† the young man said slowly, â€Å"if that's true, he's only harming his own merchandise.† He glanced nervously over to where Damon was now standing above the deceased slave owner, whose face was cast into a ghastly death grimace of agony. This still left Elena with no help for a woman she was afraid was about to die. â€Å"Doesn't anyone know where I can find a doctor?† There were now mutterings in various tones from the crowd members. â€Å"We might get further on if we could offer them some money,† Meredith was saying. Elena immediately reached for her pendant, but Meredith was quicker, unfastening a fancy amethyst necklace from around her neck and holding it up. â€Å"This goes to whoever shows us a good doctor first.† There was a pause while everyone seemed to be assessing the reward and the risk. â€Å"Don't you have any star balls?† a wheezing voice asked, but a high, light voice cried, â€Å"That's good enough for me!† A child – yes, a genuine street urchin – darted to the front of the crowd, grabbed Elena's hand and pointed, saying, â€Å"Dr. Meggar, right up the street. It's only a couple of blocks; we can walk it.† The child was wrapped in a tattered old dress, but that might only be to keep warm, because he or she was also wearing a pair of trousers. Elena couldn't even figure out whether it was a boy or a girl until the child gave her an unexpectedly sweet smile and whispered, â€Å"I'm Lakshmi.† â€Å"I'm Elena,† Elena said. â€Å"Better hurry, Elena,† Lakshmi said. â€Å"Guardians will get here soon.† Meredith and Bonnie had gotten the dazed slave woman to her feet, but she seemed to be in too much pain to understand if they meant to help her or kill her. Elena remembered how the woman had huddled in the shadow of Elena's own body. She put a hand on the woman's bloody arm and said quietly, â€Å"You're safe now. You're going to be fine. That man – your†¦your master – is dead and I promise that nobody will hurt you again. I swear it.† The woman stared at her in disbelief, as if what Elena was saying was impossible. As if living without being beaten constantly – even with all the blood Elena could see old scars, some of them like cords, on the woman's skin – was something too far from reality to imagine. â€Å"I swear it,† Elena said again, not smiling, but grimly. She understood that this was a burden she was taking on for life. It's all right, she thought, and realized that for some time now she had been sending her thoughts to Damon. I know what I'm doing. I'm ready to be responsible for this. Are you sure? Damon's voice came to her, as uncertain as she'd ever heard him. Because I'm sure as hell not going to take care of some old hag when you get tired of her. I'm not even sure I'm ready to deal with whatever it's going to cost me for killing that bastard with the whip. Elena turned to look at him. He was serious. Well, then why did you kill him? she challenged. Are you joking? Damon gave her a shock with the vehemence and venom of his thought. He hurt you. I should have killed him more slowly, he added, ignoring one of the litter bearers who was kneeling beside him, undoubtedly asking what to do next. Damon's eyes, however, were on Elena's face, on the blood still flowing from her cut. Il figlio de cafone, Damon thought, his lips drawing back from his teeth as he looked down on the corpse, so that even the litter bearer scurried away on hands and knees. â€Å"Damon, don't let him leave! Bring them all over here right now – † Elena began, and then, as there was a sort of universal gasp around her, she continued nonverbally, Don't let the litter bearers leave. We need a litter to carry this poor woman to the doctor. And why is everyone staring at me? Because you're a slave, and you've just done things no slave should do and now you're giving me, your master, orders. Damon's telepathic voice was grim. It's not an order. It's a – look, any gentleman would help a lady in distress, right? Well, there are four of us over here and one is more distressed than you want to look at. No, three are. I think I'm going to need some stitches, and Bonnie is about to collapse. Elena was striking methodically at weak points, and knew that Damon knew she was doing it. But he ordered one of the sets of litter bearers to come and pick up the slave woman and the other to take his girls. Elena stuck with the woman and ended up in a litter with the curtains all closed around it. The smell of blood was a copper taste in her mouth, making her want to cry. Even she didn't want to look closely at the slave woman's injuries, but blood was running onto the litter. She found herself taking off her blouse and camisole and putting back only the blouse so that she could use the camisole to hold to a great diagonal slash across the woman's chest. Every time the woman raised dark brown, frightened eyes to her, Elena tried to smile at her encouragingly. They were down deep somewhere in the trenches of communication, where a look and a touch meant more than words. Don't die, Elena was thinking. Don't die, just as you have something to live for. Live for your freedom, and for your baby. And maybe some of what she was thinking got through to the woman, because she relaxed against the litter cushions, holding on to Elena's hand.

All about Interest Groups, Political Parties, and Nominations and Campaigns

The American system of election is very expensive, time consuming and tedious to the aspiring presidential candidates. The length of the process determines the prosperity of a candidate from any political party. Although this time range favors some candidates its complexity and cost disqualifies other candidates.Since not all top party leaders are interested in the presidency, the aspiring candidates have to meticulously orchestrate their announcement of candidature to capture the public while at the same time win the approval and loyalty of their leaders. This occurs during the caucuses and primaries in which starts the road to the White House as argued by (Lader, 2006).This system has flaws for states like Iowa that still relies on caucuses. The suitable candidate can easily be locked out of the race early if they lack popularity with the party heads.The numerous questions and hole punching that is involved in these levels can easily elevate or disqualify a candidate depending on t heir eloquence, smartness or simply their political correctness at that particular time.The highly televised primaries on the other hand have rather seen luminaries in larger states like New York and California succeed. Celebrity entertainers have recently been used to rally support for candidates during such primaries. Such trends show modern day success stories for democracy.The future of election currently relies on modern day technology and chat rooms that are famous especially with the youthful population. Showbiz and technology such as Facebook and Twitter are the next level of campaign strategies since they have the most audience of the voting population. Campaign themes also have credited to the success or failure of modern day candidates.2. Political Parties.The growth of democracy in the U.S is credited to the evolution of political parties and their strong affiliations to the public. The political parties have fashioned themselves around the figure of the president for ad ministrative and political influences.Although this is fashioned to enable uniqueness of voice and solidarity in opinions, it has alienated the public from decision making compared to their British counterparts. This brings about personal political ambitions to the parties, where presidents only push their aspirations while sidelining the shared collective responsibility for the entire nation and the political parties.The problem is that the public has no say in decision making since the president does not have to consult the Congress in decision making. The failed link between the people and their presidents thus causes dissatisfaction and polarization.3. The Interest Groups.In light of the common good of the American society, the power of the interest groups can only be sustained to its least degree possible. If not, their extremism of expression tends to only favor the thought of certain groups and alienate other groups. These groups are small; the allegiance to any of these grou ps automatically paralyses the success of a presidential candidate.These interest groups have drawn allies in the mainstream political parties thus dividing the country in lines of opinion and policies. The strong constitutional structure silenced these groups yet the concept of pluralism enhances cooperation while reducing polarization of the country. This maintains freedom, versatility and balance of political power.4. Conclusion.The systems of election and campaign in the primaries and the caucuses are truly beneficial to ensure transparency. Unfortunately, the tedious nature of this journey can be reviewed by the use of technology and inclusion of pluralism that favors the power balance. The American population should therefore be encouraged to embrace chat room groups and pluralism to motivate the growth of their democracy.ReferenceLader, C. (2006). How to prepare for the AP U.S. Government & Politics Barron’s How to prepare for the AP US Government and Politics Advanced   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Placement Examination. Barron's AP Unites States Government & Politics (4th   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ed). New York: Barron's Educational Series.

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National Park - Assignment Example To that effect, the paper will discuss the geologic details of the location of the Great Basin. Pizarro (115) shares the evidence that the Great Basin National Park is the only national park in the entire state of Nevada and does not charge entrance fees. However, the tours in the caves can cost up to $10 for every individual. The Great Basin National Park also includes the Mojave Desert together with the Death Valley. The Great Basin National Park is often accessed via the Nevada State Route 488 that is connected to the U.S Routes 6 as well as 50. The park gets its name from dry along with mountainous region between the Wasatch Mountains and Sierra Nevada. The park covers a total of 31,230 hectares (Baker 14) Topography is the first indicator of geology (Decelles 106). The Great Basin National Park has been inhabited by humans for a very long time. The Great Basin is among the most geologically young and tectonically active areas in North America. The generally rugged and mountainous landscape of this region provides evidence continuing mountain-building. The interplay between tectonics and topography is shown in the evolution of the Great Basin (Jones, Farmer, and Unruh, 1409). Oligocene-ash flow tuffs erupted from the calderas and flowed westward and form what is now the Great Basin (Faulds, Henry, Hinz, 505-6). Most of the rocks at the Great Basin were formed during the Cambrian, when the area was situated at the edge of the continental landmass known as the Laurentia. Collette, Gass, and Hagadorn (442) argue that the Cambrian is the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era. It lasted from 540 to about 485 million years. The period is associated with a high amount of lagerstatte sedimentary deposits. The rocks at Great Basin National Park include the Cambrian strata. As the Paleozoic era progressed, various

Roles of the Medieval Queen Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Roles of the Medieval Queen - Assignment Example Regent Queens participated in the feudal assemblies of the kings together with some of the vassals (Shahar 146). In addition, they also made judgments in their area of governance and discussed both economic and political issues. Various conditions certified a medieval queen role during the period the fall of the Roman Empire end (476 AD) and approximately (1500 AD). The specific conditions included being a king’s wife, the position of a retired queen and as an heiress with specific birthrights. Additionally, the one would ascend to the position of medieval ruler given the relationship with the king and his advisers. A queen or empress consort was a wife to a reigning emperor or king. A queen consort shared the king’s social status and rank, which allowed her to exercise feminine powers over servants in the palace. She supervised the servants to ensure that they performed their chores (Shahar 151). The consort queen also had a role in a dowry to the king and, acting as his helpmate. A consort queen would also play a part in the church by raising money to build them. A consort queen also motivated church reforms and gave moral support to people in the kingdom. However, the roles of a queen consort in the kingdom were limited because she did not usually share king’s full Regent military and political powers (Lecture notes). A Queen Regent was a monarch who ruled a kingdom in her rights. She was not a wife to the king. The Queen Regent acquired and exercised sovereign powers over the Kingdoms she inherited from the previous king (lecture notes). She ordered the military, got into negot iations and partook agreements with other kingdoms as she deemed fit. The Queen also took charge of the throne through primogeniture. As the firstborn daughter without brothers in the royal family, she had rights to inherit the kingdom from her parents. For instance, Queen Melisende born in 1105 acquired the kingdom of Jerusalem from her father, King Baldwin II, during her early 20s.   The queen died in the year 1161 at the age of sixty years after serving on behalf of her father.

Gorbachev's Reforms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Gorbachev's Reforms - Essay Example Through these structural reforms which were meant to broaden the opportunities for the popular movements and the political parties so as to gain influence, Gorbachev made it easy for the orthodox communists, populist forces and nationalist to go against his wishes and oppose his efforts to revitalize and liberalize the soviet communist. This led to different opinions with some advocating for the liberalizing of the Soviet Union, others wanted the republics to be independent while the rest demanded for the restoration of old ways of the soviet union. These forces from below, top and sideways could not be compromised by Gorbachev leading to the consequent fall the Soviet Union.1 Between the year 1969 and 82 is when the reforms for Soviet Union stalled but generational shift introduced these demand s for the reform. There was change on the relations with the US after Reagan was elected and was against the Soviet Union and further termed it as the evil empire and his initiative to build a strong defense system (star wars) which the Soviet Union could not compete with. The public was not satisfied with the Moscow government because of the war in Afghanistan and the Chernobyl catastrophe gave the Glasnost and Perestroika which were introduced by Gorbachev gain momentum but eventually led to fall of the Soviet Union.2 After many years of stagnation new thinking younger communists emerged and after the death of Chernekno Konstantin made is ease the elected general secretary rise to leadership. Though he was relatively young he introduced a new momentum that advocated for economic and political liberation with better trade relation with the west. By 1866 when Gorbachev was introducing the Glasnost and Perestroika programs, the union was already suffering from supply shortages and inflation due to black market practiced by official economy. The state subsidies and cost of superpower were not proportional to the economy of the soviet and the union was craving for the unmatched western technology.3 One of the radical economic reforms was put in place in May 1988, the cooperative law that allowed the private ownership of manufacturing, retailing and al l other business including the foreign business and this became the soviet scene. A conference convened in 1987 by an economist who was as adviser to Gorbachev concluded that political openness was essential to pressure those who were opposing his economic reforms, the conservatives, to support his initiatives. This resulted to increased freedom of press and speech, many political prisoners were released, and public opinion polls could be conducted without restriction. The government records became accessible and gender studies were introduced. Gorbachev introduced democratization which came had in had with multi party elections in January 1988 in the Soviet Union. This was followed by the CPSU's 19th party conference that reduced the ruling party's control of the government. A legislative body (congress of people's deputies) was approved in December 1988 and the elections to that congress were held the following year in March-April. The first president of the Soviet Union was Gorbachev who was elected on 15th of March 1990. Flow of uncontrollable events made it inevitable to dissolve the Soviet Union despite efforts to by Gorbachev to meet his promises as

The Apartheid government Essay Example for Free

The Apartheid government Essay The Apartheid government was able to remain in power for 50 years because it ensured that strong opposition was unable to grow against it and had the means to suppress it by force when necessary.  When a society feels that its demands are being met, and that state action during crises is in its interest, it will feel authoritarian regime to abide to Locke’s social contract (Spragens, 1997: 34 ) and thus have the right to rule, even without democracy (Levi, 1988; McGuire Olson, 1996 as cited in Ghandi Przeworski, 2007: 1281). An authoritarian regime requires a overwhelming monopoly of force( Ghandi Przeworski, 2007).. It is however when states fail to economically grow or resolve crises, that authoritarian regime does collapse. Once the regime can no longer provide for society, citizens lose obligation to follow its rule and the regime can face overthrow. This is also true if it lacks military capabilities to protect society and thus ensure stability( Ghandi Przeworski, 2007). Authoritarian regime is furthermore at risk of collapse when relative deprivation occurs in society (Breslin, Hague Harrop, 1992). Board opposition coalescence combines efforts aimed at a superior regime alternative. It delegitimises standing authoritarian regimes as does international dimension factors, seeing as when one’s surrounding nations democratise, one’s own society will wish to democratise too. The apartheid government’s authoritarian rule survived for 50 year because of the initial lack of afore mentioned challenges. Before the country was excluded from the international community, the apartheid regime had command over the economy and satisfied the demands of white citizens, thus securing their legitimacy. Its initial financial support from abroad and surrounding nations’ late liberalisation, also buffered it from facing overthrow. By ensuring Black’s poverty, illiteracy and discrimination, the Apartheid regime further ensured their survival. It crushed revolts from the oppressed Black majority through military force. It furthermore enforced Bantu education, providing Black kids with inferior schooling, and the colour bar, limiting job availability and salary due to one’s race.  Blacks’ focus was moulded to be that of making a living, at the expense of their vote for half a decade.

Bolivia’s Indigenous Political Voice Essay Example for Free

Bolivia’s Indigenous Political Voice Essay The full empowerment of the political voice of the indigenous people of Bolivia is symbolized by the election of Evo Morales, the country’s first Indigenous President. How did an Aymaran Indian coca farmer, the most marginalized, discriminated, and impoverished people in Latin America; finally won control of the political power to change the lives of all the peoples of Bolivia? How did the Indigenous people overpower the 500 year old political, economic and social institutions that exploited and degraded their country? The significance of this victory has implications not only for the Indigenous people and citizens of Bolivia but also to the other indigenous people around the world, other Latin American and developing countries, black African Americans and even to the U. S. and EU ‘majority’ citizens whose tax dollars pay for the implementation of imperialist policies but are ignorant or apathetic on how the ‘corporatocracy of America’ impoverish and kill other citizens around the world (Perkins, 2005). Petras (2004) has described the mass movement in Bolivia as one of the most important mass anti-imperialist movement in modern history, second only to Cuba. This is a big departure from the anti-globalization movements in North America by human rights activists, environmentalists and NGOs which only increases educational awareness but have no political or economic impact at all to the Imperialists. Due to the transformational impact and significance of the Political Voice of the Indigenous people, the paper aims to discuss the proactive actions of Indigenous people and the confluence of events which shifted the real power from the ‘white’ minority in Bolivia to the ‘Indigenous’ majority. Furthermore, it is significant to note that Petras’ (2004) insight to the sustainability of the mass movement in Bolivia can also be related to the sustainability of Bolivia’s New Indigenous government. Petras stated that the anti-imperialist movement in Bolivia is sustainable because inherent class struggles of peasants and urban workers are ‘embedded in the movement’. The mass-based leadership and its direct connection to the struggles of the people prevent the betrayal of the movement from ‘bourgeoise nationalists’ who are vulnerable to the seduction of the elite and foreign imperialist governments. Therefore, for the Bolivian Indigenous government to survive, it must stay anti-imperialist and create institutions, political instruments and polices that would make it secure against the attacks and at the same time strengthen its linkage to the struggles and daily lives of its people (Petras, 2004). This truth is affirmed by the current Indigenous president in his inaugural speech in 2006, â€Å"You have to control me. You have to control me. I may make a mistake but I will not betray you. † Most importantly, the paper highlights how the Indigenous knowledge and cultural values have provided Bolivia, an alternative framework for economic development, industrialization and management of natural resources. In addition, the solutions to promote solidarity and nationalism to Bolivia’s multi-ethnic and geographically divided population (which is also being attacked by the right-wing elite backed by the U. S. government) is found in the Indigenous Catholic Church. In the past, the church served as the catalyst for Bolivia’s mass movement. Today, the Indigenous Church continues to play a vital role in unifying Bolivian citizens. Lord Acton has noted â€Å"Christianitys capacity to transcend national differences, at least among believers. Its universalism, he noted, enabled nations â€Å"to live together under the same authority, without necessarily losing their cherished habits, their customs, or their laws. † (Jusdanis, 2001, p. 198) Another important source for the forging of ‘Bolivian Nationalism’ is the strong social democratic state led by Evo Morales which will assert its legitimacy and sovereignty, through equitable distribution of wealth and education and health reforms. As Lord Acton explained, â€Å"A nation is a moral and political being; not the creation of geographical or physiological unity but developed in the course of history by the action of the State. It is derived from the State, not supreme over it†. That the state should precede nationality was in his opinion essential for the maintenance of liberty and prosperity—the opposite of Herders belief that the state should grow out of the nation. (Jusdanis, 2001, p. 198) Furthermore, solidarity built through common experience of colonialism and imperialism has motivated Bolivia, South America, and Third World countries to create political instruments and institutions such as ALBA, Mercosur, Telesur, G22 to protect their respective countries’ sovereignty which is ‘necessary for the attainment of an equitable and balanced economic growth’(Morales, 1992). I. Background on Bolivia Bolivia is known for its extraordinary geography, the ‘Tibet of South America’; extreme poverty despite rich natural resources, ‘Beggar sitting on a throne of riches’; extreme racism and exploitation of the majority by few wealthy elites and by multinational corporations backed by an imperialist government, ‘Economic slavery and Apartheid lives in Bolivia! ’. However, these facts alone do not convey what is most significant about Bolivia, the extraordinary spirit of its Indigenous people. They never gave up and mounted 150 to 200 coups against oppression in its 160 years of independent history (Morales, 1992, p. 200). Furthermore, the Bolivian mass movement has been described by Petras (2004) as the most important anti-imperialist movement and second only to that of Cuba. The collective spirit or culture of the Indigenous people has proven its strength to endure 500 years of invasion and ‘dictatorship of individualism’ (Blanco, 2007). â€Å"Despite centuries of neglect, destruction of all cultural context or support, ethnic discrimination, starvation, cultural domination, religious conversion, racial bigotry, lack of education and health care, economic exploitation and destruction of their environment, the Andean Indian culture survives, smoldering in hearts and minds, towns and villages, streets and plazas† ( Dowbrigade. com, 2005). After more than 500 years, Highland and Amazon indigenous people still compose about two-thirds of Bolivias population. This is the highest proportion of Indians in the hemisphere. If this were true in the United States, it would be equivalent to ‘160 million Apaches, Hopis and Iroquois’ still living and embracing their culture despite being in a ‘white’ American society (Powers, 2005). Since the 16th century Spanish conquest, Bolivia’s Indigenous people and natural resources have been exploited first by colonizers and then by the elite minority in collusion with multinational corporations backed by the US Imperialist government. Silver was looted by the Spaniards, then the latter’s descendants, the wealthy urban elites or ‘whites’ looted the country’s tin and rubber. Bolivia is one of the most corrupt societies in the world according to a World Bank study. â€Å"Although Bolivia was long a major source of the worlds tin, the wealth from this irreplaceable resource went into the hands of a few absentee oligarchic families who lived mostly in Paris and New York† (Morales, 1992, p. xi). Moreover, the Spanish descendants or ‘whites’ which are only 5-15% of the population dominated and controlled political and economic life for centuries and was only halted by the election of Evo Morales in December 2005. The ‘white’ elites made a living as professionals, wealthy merchants, or high-ranking government officials. The racial term ‘white’ is chiefly associated with socioeconomic status in Bolivia (Morales, 1992, p. 14). On the other hand Indians comprise 60% of the population and they make a living as low-income subsistence farmers, miners, small traders or artisans (Country Profile: Bolivia, BBC News. com). The rest or 30% of the population are Mestizos who closely identify with the ‘whites’. The wealthy mestizos are also encouraged to marry daughters of impoverished ‘white’ families so they can have educated ‘white’ children and improve their status (Hudson and Hanratty, 1989. Powers (2005) aptly declares that, ‘Bolivian apartheid’ or ‘pigmentocracy of power’ continues to exist. In 1985, Father Gregorio Iriarte, published the following statistics: Bolivia has the highest infant mortality rate in all of Latin America (213 per 1,000) and the lowest life expectancy (47 years); half the nation is undernourished, with 70 percent of the children dying before the age of 15 of treatable diseases of poverty; more than 50 percent of the population is illiterate; and the country has one of the worst distributions of wealth in the Americas (the wealthiest 5 percent control 39 percent of the national income and the poorest 20 percent, only 2 percent)(cited in Morales, 1992, p. 204). In 2005, after twenty years of U. S. Aid and humanitarian programs, IMF and World Bank structural and neo-liberal economic policies, the Bolivia majority population still live on less than $2 a day (Powers, 2005). II. What are the factors that gave rise to the ‘Empowerment of the Political Voice of the Indigenous People of Bolivia? Support of the Catholic Church for the Indigenous People, Revitalization of the Indian Culture Waltraud Q. Morales in ‘Bolivia: Land of Struggle’ (1992) attributed Bolivia’s underdevelopment to the structure of powerlessness and lack of economic and political independence. She strongly advocated that the renewal of the nation and formation of a socio-economic model that would lift Bolivia from poverty lies in the Indian Culture (p. 202-204). Neither the defeated and decadent heritage of Spanish colonialism nor the declining, materialist imprint of North American imperialism can serve as the basis of moral renewal. The heritage that survives undefeated, whole, and vibrant is the Indian one. Unlike the Western system of wealth accumulation to the detriment of others, economic equality is integral to the indigenous vision of justice [italics mine]. The Aymara believe in Kuskachana or Pampachana, meaning the leveling or reestablishment of a balance. In the Aymara world view, uncontrolled growth as development is suicide, not progress; and development without respect for the earth negates the sense of themselves, their personal and cultural identity. The message from ancient voices is one not of greed or private property but of community and peoplehood† [italics mine] (Morales, 1992, p. 204). The revitalization of the ethnic Indian culture was initiated by the Catholic Church to stimulate indigenous political activism (Cleary, 2004). In 1968, Theology of Liberation was introduced in the Latin American Bishop Medellin Conference. The Church recognized that each culture has its own integrity and must be respected and given the freedom to develop their full potential. In addition, the Church advocated against the use of traditional church practices that foster the continuation of the domination of the ‘whites’ and ‘mestizos’ over the Indian peasants through paternalistic and accommodative practices (e. g. sponsoring of the fiestas and indebtedness of the peasants to the patron). The church recognized that the revitalization of the Indian Culture is central to transforming Bolivian politics and society. They trained native leaders as catechists and promoted the use of native language, ‘recovery of cultural memory’ and integration of the Indian cosmological view with Christian doctrines in the Bible which supported political self-determination (Cleary, 2004). Educational Centers were built and this helped raise the political consciousness of the Indigenous people; encouraged them to turn outward and ‘occupy their political space’, rather than show their resistance by isolating themselves in their communities. The Indian catechists also built their sense of citizenship; and recognition of their right and capacity to interact with the state instead of feeling inferior and staying outside of the political arena. They were also motivated to self-organize for their emancipation. This resulted in the flourishing of Grassroots organizations in Bolivia (Cleary, 2004). In the 1960s, Xavier Albo, formed CIPCA (Centro de Investigacion y Promocion del Campesinado) or Center for Investigation and Promotion of Peasants. He later helped young Aymara people establish the Tupac Katarista Center which helped develop young Aymaran leaders. Within a short span of time, these Aymarans occupied positions in several government peasant unions and also organized their own unions. Later on, these leaders were able to unite urban, mine, and rural workers to fight against unequal treatment and demand credit, education, and health services from the government (Cleary, 2004, p. 54). The Katarist movement and experience of other lowland grassroots organizations also influenced the Indigenous Center of Eastern Bolivia (CIDOB). CIDOB gained national prominence in 1990, when they organized the march of Indigenous people demanding â€Å"territory and dignity† over hundreds of kilometers across the country’s main highways to La Paz (Cleary, 2004, p. 54). Most importantly, the centers and the native church leaders through liberation theology aimed to develop ‘community solidarity’ among the Indians divided by plural ethnicities, cultures, geography and economic status (Cleary, 2004). Geo-political Reality in Bolivia Geography has been the more potent force, splitting the country in half, into a land divided. Communications and transportation systems have overcome neither the barrier of the high Andes Mountains cutting through the heart of the country nor the northeastern pull of the vast lowland rivers away from the highland and toward the undeveloped Amazon and Brazil. Nature itself seems in league with regionalist forces as this intricate system of waterways leads from nowhere to nowhere. Extreme topographical diversity encourages intense racial and cultural division between the Andean highlands and the eastern, tropical lowlands. Highlanders and lowlanders are aliens in each others world (Morales, 1992, p. 4). As further explained by Morales (1992), the Bolivian highlander identifies more with the other highlanders from Peru and Chile while the Bolivian lowlander identifies more with their fellow lowlander from Brazil or Argentina (p. 4). However, this affinity of Bolivians with people from neighboring countries can also be positive in the establishment of regional integration for the South American region to counter Imperialism. ‘Even within related Indian communities, wide differences in custom and dress persist. Within the Quechua nation, for instance, one can distinguish a variety of local groups: the Tarabucos, the Chayantas, the Laimes, the Ucumaris, the Calchas, the Chaquies, the Yuras Lipes, and the Tirinas. A highlander can readily identify the region of the country and the community of an Indian by differences in dress, custom, and music’ (Morales, 1992). Moreover, Bolivia is subdivided into nine regional departments or provinces administratively. These departments are La Paz, Oruro, Potosi, Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, Tarija, Santa Cruz, Beni, and Pando. Competition for political power and economic influence have historically characterized the relationships between these departments (Morales, 1992, p. 5. ). Furthermore, Chavez (2007) added that the division between the western highlands, and eastern lowlands is also racial, and socio-economic. The Western highlands is home to the impoverished indigenous majority while the Eastern provinces is home to wealthier people of mainly Spanish descent. The Eastern provinces also hold most of the countrys natural gas production and industry. Indian Culture and Values Central to the transformation of Bolivian Society Hugo Blanco, leader of the peasant uprising in the Cuzco region of Peru in the early 1960s explains how the Indigenous â€Å"cosmic vision is different from the Western outlook that views the creator as a superior immaterial spirit who created man in his image and likeness and created nature to serve him. For the indigenous cosmic vision, humanity is a daughter of and part of Mother Earth. We must live in her bosom in harmony with her â€Å"(Blanco, 2007). Blanco is proud of the Andean-Amazon culture and states that, â€Å"This culture is marked by deep knowledge of nature and is highly agricultural. Ours is one of the seven zones of the world to have originated agriculture†¦ For more than 10,000 years our culture domesticated 182 plant species, including around 3,500 potato varieties. Our people know 4,500 medicinal plants. Tawantinsuyos planned agriculture based on a system of watersheds and micro watersheds or basins. They built long aqueducts, taking care to avoid land erosion. Terracing was practiced on the slopes and â€Å"waru-waru† in the altiplano (highlands)]. Special technologies were used from zone to zone. Across the entire Tawantinsuyo territory they created storage buildings (qolqa) to supply food to the population whenever some climatic shift undermined agriculture †¦It’s true that the new forms of collectivism gave rise to privileged castes and wars of conquest. But in no part of the continent was production based on slave labor or the feudal system. Although there were privileged castes, hunger and misery did not exist. Orphans, persons with disabilities, and the elderly were cared for by the community† (Blanco, 2007). Cochabamba Water War 2000 Alturalde (2006) imparted that the indigenous people view ‘water as life and gift from Mother Earth’. When the World Bank and IMF in Bolivia imposed the privatization of water on the Bolivian government, Aguas del Tunari (ADT), the subsidiary the US-based Bechtel was awarded the contract which included sources of water that belonged to the Indigenous people since ancient times. When ADT announced an increase in water rates, which the Indigenous people could not afford, the latter in massive numbers went to Cochabamba to protest. Anger was already simmering due to the structural policies of the IMF which deprived them of much needed government services. The additional privatization of water which made it unaffordable to the poor indigenous people and the directive not even to save rainwater provoked violent reactions. Hundreds of people were injured in the ‘water war’. This disaster also made the people aware of the lack of recognition of the legal rights of the Indigenous people and their lack of strong political representation in Congress to defend their interests (Alurralde, 2006). Indigenous Alternative to Privatization In 2002, Bolivias Consejo Interinstitucional del Agua (interinstitutional water council) asked organizations for research on how to resolve the water conflict. The Comision para la Gestion Integral del Agua en Bolivia (commission for integrated water management in Bolivia) proposed a highly inclusive participatory process which would involve the use of the best possible science in determining the solution that would be in the best interest of the nation. (Alurralde , 2006). Numerous workshops for Indigenous communities in different parts of the country were held. To ensure that the new law would reflect the agreement on these meetings, the Ministry of Sustainable Development and Planning, and Parliaments Environment Commission were also included. The workshop organizers used Mike Basin, a computer simulation program to analyze the impact of the proposals. They used the data proposed by the government which is ‘assigning individual rights based on a fixed discharge’. The also used the data of the ‘daily water allocation by Indigenous communities under the traditional communal system. The results of the computer model showed that the traditional system allocated water much more efficiently and equitably, although it was not completely free of waste. The findings provided the foundation for key sections of Bolivias new irrigation law which was passed by Parliament in 2004 (Alurralde, 2006). ‘Many Indigenous peoples have a long history of using water wisely. By incorporating their views into the policy-making process, existing policies are strengthened’ (Alurralde, 2006). Nationalization of Natural Gas The ‘Gas War’ erupted from September to October 2003. These popular protests for the equitable distribution of the benefits of the country’s vast natural gas compelled the resignation of two presidents and the election of Evo Morales. The protests originated from the privatization of President Sanchez de Lozada of the gas and oil companies in 1996 under the orders of the IMF and World Bank. The proposal to sell liquid natural gas to the international markets through Chile, to whom their coastline was lost in the 18th century, further stoked the anger of the population. These people were already protesting the lack of transparency in the contracts and their impoverished condition compared to the visible wealth of the foreign companies and elites who controlled their country’s natural resources. In the National referendum on the gas issue on 2004, majority voted for greater state control and increased revenue for the state. In 2006, by Supreme Decree 28701, President Morales nationalized the country’s gas and oil industry (Hodges, 2007). This form of nationalization involved higher tax payments by petroleum companies and the renegotiation of contracts rather than expropriation. Due to these changes, income increased nine times from 2002 to 2007. In 2003 petrol companies paid an estimated $173 million US dollars in tax to the Bolivian government compared to 2007 payment of $1. 57 billion dollars (Hodges, 2007). These protests against specific issues of water, and gas and the visibility of the IMF and World Bank in imposing privatization and structural adjustment policies increased the growing awareness of the population of the direct linkage of their class struggles (urban workers and peasants) to macro-economic imperialist policies of the U. S. and the ‘white’ local elites (Petras, 2004). These united the multi-ethnic and diverse urban workers, miners, and rural peasants to a common struggle to oust the ‘puppet regimes’ of imperialist governments and install an indigenous President. Opening of Opportunities to Participate in the Political Process Aside from the Catholic Church’s role in encouraging political activism, other events and people contributed to the civic education of the Indians which built their political capacity to be able to install their own Indigenous President in Bolivia. The 1952 Bolivian National Revolution led by the MNR party, which was headed by the nationalist elite depended on the strength of the indigenous people to storm the Presidential palace. The Indigenous people began to recognize the strength of the alliance between urban workers and peasants (Cleary, 2003). Victor Paz Estonssoro, returned from exile as President and introduced reforms including universal suffrage, nationalization of tin mines and land distribution, and educational reforms, and improvement of status of indigenous peoples (Country Profiles, Bolivia, BBC News). These opened up opportunities to the indigenous people to participate in the national life (Cleary, 2004, p. 53). However, these reforms were interrupted by the intervention of the U. S. and the reversal of the nationalization program. In exchange for foreign aid, policies were instituted to promote foreign participation over the extraction of the natural resources (Lernoux, 1980). Under the Vice-Presidency of Victor Cardenas, an Aymaran Indian; laws were also passed to increase the political participation of the indigenous people in national life. In 1994, a Constitutional Amendment was passed to define Bolivia as a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural The law of Popular Participation also recognized the indigenous form of governments of ‘ayllu’ and ‘’imburvicha’. Public funds were channeled for the use of these government units. Furthermore, the 1995 Law of Decentralization, created stronger municipalities and generated synergy among the grassroots organizations of the indigenous people (Cleary, 2004, p. 55). The indigenous people proactively seized and enthusiastically embraced the opportunities for self-determination. They competed against entrenched politicians who even trucked voters during elections. After decentralization, 464 indigenous leaders were elected to local councils. More than 25% of those elected served as mayors and 9 out of 130 deputies were elected to Congress (Cleary, 2004, p. 57). Cleary (2004) attributed to the above elected Indigenous leaders the ‘widespread multicultural and bilingual educational system, establishment of new government agencies to serve the indigenous sector, acceptance of indigenous culture as part of the national patrimony, and the coming from shadows to prominence [of Indigenous peoples] in national politics’ (p. 57). National Unity against US Imperialism and Intervention. Waltraud Morales (1992) claims that foreign intervention undermines a country’s development because the ‘fragmentation of nationhood due to foreign control and intervention leads to extensive social, cultural, and moral disintegration (p. 202-204). Since culture and values plays an important role in the development of Nationalism in Bolivia, it is imperative that the state be anti-imperialist. This fragmentation takes place at the administrative levels, in the press, and in cultural activities; it is visible at the highest levels of population where little groups dispute the privilege of being friends of the foreigner; it descends to the people when the desperation of poverty causes one to consent to achieving an advantage by the sacrifice of dignity. †¦Extreme poverty facilitates colonization; men in Bolivia have a lower price. There is a certain level at which poverty destroys dignity; the North Americans have discovered this level and work on it: in their eyes and for their pocketbook, a Bolivian costs less than an Argentine or a Chilean. (Morales, 1992, p. 202).

Helicopter Experiment: Speed of Fall

Helicopter Experiment: Speed of Fall Hend Darwish Research Question: At what speed will the helicopter fall by adding more paper clips to its base (the bottom)? Variables: Independent Variable: Amount of paper clips Dependent Variable: Speed Constant: Same Helicopter Same Timer Same height (2m) Hypothesis: My hypothesis is that the more paper clips added to the base of the helicopter, the speed will increase. I think this will happen because gravity will pull the helicopter down and the opposite force (air resistance), which is acting on the wings will get weaker because the wings will fold upwards. This will cause less for the air resistance to act on which will cause the speed to increase. Method: For our helicopter lab, we first measured two meters on the wall so we have will drop the helicopter at the same place. Then, Eliah will drop the helicopter and Holly will time how long it takes with the stopwatch. We repeated this step for three mores tests and with two, three, four, five and six paperclips attached to the base. Then, we found the average speed of each paperclip and recorded our results into a graph. To make our test a fair test, we made sure its the same person timing and dropping the helicopter. Also, we always dropped the helicopter from two meters. For our safety, we made sure that we are in an empty space so we dont bump into anyone or the paper helicopter doesnt go on someones head. Also, we made sure that we are not next to any chemicals or flamed Bunsen burner so when we pick up our helicopter, it wont catch on fire or be covered by any chemicals that could harm us. Apparatus: 1 Paper Helicopter Stopwatch 100cm ruler 6 paperclips Diagram: Data Collection: Amount of Paper Clips on a Helicopter The amount of paper-clips on the helicopter Time taken for the helicopter to fall a distance of two meters (s) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mean Speed (m/s) 1 1.38 1.68 1.31 1.45 1.38 2 1.22 1.40 1.19 1.27 1.57 3 1.13 1.40 1.30 1.27 1.57 4 1.16 1.0 1.09 1.05 1.9 5 .96 1.30 .84 1.03 1.94 6 .63 .53 .81 .65 3.08 Data Processing: Table of Amount of Paper Clips Affect the Average Speed of the Paper Helicopter The amount of paper-clips on the helicopter Time taken for the helicopter to fall a distance of two meters (s) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mean Average Speed (m/s) 1 1.38 1.68 1.31 1.45 1.38 2 1.22 1.40 1.19 1.27 1.57 3 1.13 1.40 1.30 1.27 1.57 4 1.16 1.0 1.09 1.05 1.9 5 .96 1.30 .84 1.03 1.94 6 .63 .53 .81 .65 3.08 To get the mean, you have to add the three trials together then divide it by three. For example: 1.83 + 1.68 + 1.31 =4.37 4.37 / 3 = 1.45 To get the speed, you have to divide 2 by the mean of the three trials. For example: 2 / 1.45 = 1.38 2 / 1.27 = 1.57 Data Presentation: Conclusion: According to our graph our hypothesis was correct: The more paper clips added to the base of our helicopter the more the speed will increase. Our data corresponds with the line of best fit really well up until our last data point which was 6 paper clips and was 3.08s. It is much higher than all the other points, I think this one particular piece of data is unreliable because it dose not correspond to the rest of the data as well as the graph. This may be because our timing methods when timing the last one was different then the rest of our graph. To make sure that this would be an accurate experiment, we did three trials for each paper clip(s) and then calculated the mean and speed. Evaluation:      Ã‚   Our Method was reliable and extremely accurate because for each amount of paper clip, we had three trials so we could create an average speed. Also, we used the same person for timer and the dropper of the paper helicopter. If I could re-do the experiment, I would have made the height higher, such as 3-4m so we could have more accurate readings.

Philippine Bureaucracy Essay -- social issues

Philippine Bureaucracy I. A POLITICAL SYSTEM DEFINES ITS BUREAUCRACY: That the Philippine government has consistently failed in satisfying the needs and growing expectations of the Filipino people is a fact rather than a perception. What is widely perceived however, is that such failure of government is only due to the inefficiency of its bureaucracy to produce and deliver public goods and services. To accept the perception that the inefficiency of the bureaucracy is the main culprit in the failu re of government is to grant the dichotomization of the orientation of governance and the administration of its affairs. The form and substance of the bureaucracy as the main machinery of government is heavily defined by the latter's policies and politics. It cannot be expected to produce and deliver goods and services corresponding to the needs of the people if the policies of government are anti-people. In the same manner that the bureaucracy cannot operate differently and independently of the ills of th e Philippine political system. A political system is based on its economic foundation thus it is beyond doubt that economic power makes political power. In a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society such as the Philippines, it is easy to conclude that the fo reign investors, their local counterparts such as the big compradors and landlords, who are the main players in the economy, control the state thru their cohorts in government. That it is their business, to effectively manage the affairs of the bureaucrac y as a means and source of graft and corruption for further self-aggrandizement and their perpetuation in power. The basic issue of the misprioritization and misutilization of the national budget clearly represents that the business of governance depends on the interests of the power holders rather than the people they govern. The coming of the public debt aspect in the 80s worsens the misprioritization of government's annual budget in favor of foreign debt payment allocations and is usually followed by t he national defense budget, the sum of which account for about three-fourths (3/4) of its grand total. As the foreign debt payment becomes automatic the government went into deficit spending, in order to correct this, the International Monetary Fund-World Bank (IMF-WB) prescribed the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) which included the aust... ... a dictator. Ramos has improved the blue print of mar tial rule of Marcos, why not, when he has the comparative advantage of being educated at West Point which is one of the best training grounds of agents of the imperialist United States of America. His regime has not reached desperation as its psychologica l-war tactics are still effective in a situation which does not yet necessitate an open fascist rule. From the point of view of the CESOs and the rank and file of government employees, the process of re-engineering the bureaucracy is but another exercise of patronage system in the positioning of the proteges of the politicians and the high bureaucrats. While in the process, victimizing hundreds of thousands of government personnel who shall be dismissed in violation of the merit system of the civil service and their security of tenure. For the public sector workers, this is another round of their continuing struggle to defend their rights as workers much more their right to a source of livelihood. As they have proven that the exercise of their strength thr u their organization is their reliable instrument to protect their interests, such is the route that they shall take.

Islamic Economy in Saudi Arabian Companies Essay -- Economics

1. Saudi Companies Fund A. The institution of SAMA could not be a profit-making institution, it had to conform to Islamic law. SAMA has from time to time financed one-half of government debt. From 1962 to 1983, the governments earning grew in surplus, and all the debt was repaid. Whenever the government needed SAMA bolstered government reserves. B. In 1966 a major banking control law clarified and strengthened SAMA's role in regulating the banking system. Foreign banks submitted application for license. SAMA sent its recommendation to the ministry of finance. The ministry set conditions for granting licenses to foreign banks. C. Saudi companies introduced a great deal of regulation abiding with Sharia law. This law also defined requirements against deposits. There were several restriction to abide by SAMA's implementation of monetary policy. 2. The Saudi financial system A. The Saudi financial system had three autonomous government institutions. They were the pension fund, the general organization of Saudi insurance, and Saudi fund for development. These government instit...

Essay --

No matter how many situps you do, if you have excess belly fat, you'll never see results, because the fat will be covering up your muscle definition. This doesn't mean you should eliminate situps from your workout, because as part of your core, they can promote back health, and improve your posture, athletic performance, and balance and stability. (See References 1) You should, however, incorporate fat-burning exercises into your workout to get visible results. The Spot Reduction Fallacy To lose body fat, you must burn more calories than your body uses every day. It takes a deficit of 500 calories a day to lose 1 pound of fat in a week from all over your body including your belly. Situps alone don't burn enough calories to have a big enough impact and they won't magically spot reduce fat from your belly. To make matters worse, if you only do situps, hoping to combat belly fat, you're building the muscles under the fat. As they get stronger and bigger, they can push your belly out even further. (See References 2) Doing Situps to Shape Up Situps work your rectus abdominis at the fr...

Facebook Addiction Essay

Facebook has come to be probably the most commonly used social networking site, nearly half of Facebook’s users view their profiles every day. Some of the users spend an unreasonable amount of their time on Facebook, whiling the hours away unnoticed, while chores to go unfinished, and even going to the extent of ignoring family and friends in the real world. Although a majority of the hundreds of millions of people use Facebook as a social networking device, it has several of negative impacts such as social isolation, communication problems, and health problems which profoundly impact the lives of the users. While Facebook addiction disorder or Facebook addiction are not medically accepted terms, the actuality of addictive behavior on Facebook is a mounting concern for scores of Facebook users, and one that psychoanalysts are seeing more regularly in their patients. According to Fenichel, if you have found that sharing, connecting and learning through Facebook has replaced all avenues of learning and communicating and in your life, it is a possibility that you have Facebook addiction Disorder. Negative Effects of Facebook  Facebook reduces the amount of time spent with significant people in one’s life through frequent checking of profile updates and statuses. Facebook can result to relationship problems as it exposes one’s social life, for instance pictures of ex boyfriends and girlfriends or flirting messages may cause tension in relationships. That is all part of exposing your life on a social networking website. The use of Facebook can also cause problems at work with frequent checking of status updates during work time. This may lead to misunderstandings between the management and staff. This is what has led to many organizations banning Facebook from working places. Facebook leads to procrastination as Facebook addicts find themselves too busy to attend to important and urgent matters due to being online chatting, updating statuses and commenting on other people’s pictures. Facebook has been in the news several times over issues of privacy. Facebook makes it easy for people to access information about other people from their profiles as a majority of users tend to give out all their information on their profiles. This can result to issues of surveillance and hacking. On health issues, Facebook leads to eye strain due to the amount of time spent online on the computer (Thompson). Facebook as a new phenomenon is here to stay, however, as this paper has shown, a lot of care needs to be taken in the use of it in people’s everyday lives. Facebook has negative effects on a person’s life which cannot be taken lightly. This paper has also shown that although Facebook addiction is a serious matter. However, it is not all doom and gloom as there are viable remedies which can be employed in order to overcome Facebook addiction. Facebook is a big time waster During the first decade of the 21st century a popular and new word has come into our vocabulary. That word is Facebook. This is the most popular social networking website on the internet. If you haven’t heard about Facebook until reading this, then you must have been in a coma for the last 5 years. There are about 350 million active users on this website. The main idea of Facebook is that you can keep in touch with all your friends around the world who has Facebook. You can send messages to your friend’s electronic wall, put up a status saying something like â€Å"Going to the mall, need to get a new pair of shoes† or â€Å"it’s finally the weekend! )†. In the 350 million users on Facebook, 67% of them are between the ages of 13 -25. More than 35 million users update their status every day. 2. 5 billion Photos are added each month. The highest age groups who use Facebook are teenagers. Most of them keep the website running whenever they are using the computer and general teens nowadays are always on the computer, if they aren’t in school/college or when they aren’t asleep. I feel that teens should be focused on their school work or be socializing with their friends in person or exercising. Facebook is just changing the new generation of youngsters completely because the teenage life is one of the most important stages of life and wasting it on Facebook is not encouraging this in anyway. It is also a complete distraction to their mind; like nowadays when all their homework and research are on ICT, they would get diverted into Facebook just to check if there was anything updated among their friends. Remember back in the good old days, when teens would do their homework handwritten, play sports and hang out with friends. Today, most teens would only speak to their friends on Facebook, while we can see them battling obesity as they stare at their friend’s message on their wall. In summary, teens don’t have a life because they are on Facebook 24/7, except for those who don’t use Facebook or occasionally do. Facebook is also where people can see the gossip among their friends, virtual arguments, relationship status and updates, who is in whose ‘top friends’, you can become fan of anything, join groups, post pictures and videos, play juvenile games, invite friends to parties or events and a heap more. Mainly, all this would just disturb people into living life to their fullest. It’s not just teens who become addicted even grownups do. An average person spends about 55 minutes on Facebook. This statistic isn’t that bad but some people spend about 3-5 hours. Technology might be taking over people’s lives. The internet is what the youth does almost all the time and other growing social networking sites such as Twitter might become the next Facebook.

Advantages Of Beauty Contests

Advantages of sweetie rivalrys.. FIRST moving-picture show IS THE LAST IMPRESSION how a person appears always matters.. The prototypic base thing that catches your eye when you look at a person is his or her face. It takes yet a split second for us to judge someone and make our first and ever lastlying impression. Good evening directly I stand in effort of you to speak against the motion ravisher contest must be banned. many cynical people say that peach shows be nothing to a greater extent than a showcase to flaunt womens material attributes. They may not be altogether true.In fact if you dont look good,may be you dont word of fargonwell a good first impression. That is what truelove is. You need to look beautiful in this era where people are judgmental. In my opinion, the advantage of pageants is empowerment because when you join salmon pink pageants you put yourself in a lay out to influence people. People look up to you, they listen and respect you. You serve as a role model specially to younger people and inspire others. debaucher contests have more advantages than disadvantages Firstly, they are a medium to get recognition. People belief valued and appreciated when they receive recognition for their hard work.Beauty Queens or Kings fashion instant celebrities and are treated desire royalties in their respective countries ? Secondly, they help you body-build up self-confidence and confront your fears. The index to face ones fears and take action anyhow develops great confidence. Its common knowledge that speaking in front of a conclave gives people cold feet. Be it Q&A, interviews,discussions,conferences or even formal conversations ?People are usually shy and reserved. By connectedness pageants, they are forced to break that suppress and open up to the world. Thirdly, beauty contests are a method of personal development.The more a person recognizes and understands their strengths, values, likes, dislikes, beliefs, and persona lity style, the greater fulfillment and satisfaction theyll experience from their life. ? And last but not the least,these contests help in handling stress, pressure and disappointment. These reactions are a part of life. Your attitude and thoughts around these reactions give the axe either move you forward towards fulfillment or break you down. Stress, pressure and disappointment dont have to be viewed as negative things. In fact, they passel be powerful motivators to accelerate you to the conterminous level.It all depends on how you look at them. In pageantry, you experience these to the fullest extent, and with guidance, you can pick out how to flip them to work to your advantage. ? Recognition, personal development, chat skills, confidence and handling stress, pressure and disappointments in life are the benefits youll take with you by taking part in beauty contests. After such notable benefits, do you still think beauty contests should be banned I leave the set to you. Just remember if you fancy modeling, hair, paper and fashion, then these merits come like hoar to your cake

Leadership And Change Management In Businesses Commerce Essay

Authentic leadership is a force.Every organisation with different grounds has to take portion in alteration. The high ground may differ from increasing market portion, traveling with the competition, altering with the society or can besides be in order to last in the market. Change is something deeds that is a critical, compulsory and requires all direction maps, which are Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Co-ordinating, Reporting, and Budgeting ( by Henry Fayol 1937 ) .1.Its essential to have good direction for a company to succeed as workers respond favorably towards their leadership and will comply with a leader.pdf ) .Over the old ages one many change direction theories and theoretical accounts have developed out of which there are some popular and widely used theories, there are no peculiar front-runner theories for deploying alteration, and it would surely be agreed that the whole construct is comparatively immature and developing. The whole construct is once more really situational and requires new single attack based on the organisation and the alteration it wishes to undergo. But, one of the most popular logical and widely used alteration direction theory it the McKinsey ‘s 7S theoretical account, which can non merely be used as a little alteration direction theory, but besides in instance of analyzing an organisation and its activities.

An excellent leader will have ability to acquire the maximum quality from Realtors they possess the capacity.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_mail ) , large Royal Mail employees the staff up to 121,000, which exceeds the figure of staff in full Royal direct Mail Group ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.Second, the manager should show integrity in executing their duties.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8304722.stm ) , as more and more concern organisations and persons depend upon E-mails and assorted IT based formats to pass on.

The supervisor also needs to be able to ease the change by mobilizing the employees to sell the notion of the change.1: – Decreasing Net incomesRoyal Mail faced serious functional issues, which made its operation suffer losingss up to ?279 million in the fiscal twelvemonth of 2007 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7417634.Fifthly, a manager ought to be in a place to devote time to collect information required to first express the way the significant the company is to the firm.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8426538.stm ) .

Businesses search for a bachelor degree holder although generally most small firms hunt for expertise in the area.co.uk/1/hi/business/6252202.stm ) . The direction found out that most of its potential rivals used high-tech machinery for screening and administering doing them more efficient and therefore deriving the trusts of the clients, and that they are falling behind as they have non been able to overhaul ( spatial hypertext transfer protocol: //news.INTRODUCTION When companies need to accomplish significant change they turn to some leader extract from from the organization.Therefore, 2nd most of import issue necessitating the direction to do critical technological alterations called for a modernisation policy.3.3: – marked Decrease in MarketResearch conducted by the BBC shows that Royal Mail delivers around 75 million stations everyday. It counts to 90 per centum of the UK ‘s market.

Each member ought to have the abdominal discomfort of failure and must feel responsible for work.uk/1/hi/business/8304722.stm ) . This decrease in the market public shows that the direction needs to be really efficient in their operations.3.All staff members must realize deeds that should they re not able to satisfy their undertakings deadline or are not more able to execute their Jobs satisfactorily, they are letting the team instead of Just the project supervisor down.stm ) , These issues forced the direction to travel things otherwise, and to come up with a policy that make their military operations more profitable, and the could vouch their endurance and being as UK taking electronic mail administering organisation.4: – The Modernization Policy of Royal MailIt is really clear, that a stringent policy was required to undertake all the important issue ( mentioned supra ) that direction faced and to prolong in long tally, the direction did the exact thing by bordering a ecological modernisation policy, which could be called as a type of procedure alteration by Pull offing alteration logical and passage Harvard Business Essential. The policy required the direction to bring on extra finance of around 1.2 billion in modern machine.

The work group are derived from the leader and free will be not able to behave.stm ) , and the policy besides focused on altering the agenda of the employee, to do their labour hr direction more effectual.The purpose of modernisation policy was to undertake logical and startle Royal mail working against all the above mentioned issues. The inducement of excess finance unlooked for machinery would intend that the operation of mail would be more effectual, speedier and able to vie keyword with the increasing and competent competition. The decrease in staff would ensue into cost effectual operations and therefore increasing its net net income and ensuing into lessening in its pension fund shortages.Learning manners group common methods other people learn.uk/1/hi/business/8339201.stm ) and could farther increase harmonizing to the CWU ( Communication Workers Union, which represented the Staff of Royal Mail ) . The political Union agreed with direction on the staff decrease for endur ance, but disagreed on the gait of occupation cuts logical and the wage rise issues.It would be undue towards the direction if I said that they failed to follow the alteration opposite direction theory, of McKinsey ‘s seven ‘S ‘ .

stm ) .5. 1: – ‘Royal Mail Industrial Dispute ‘A confrontation and consent with CWU gave a spell to the alteration policy to be implemented, and the execution began in the twelvemonth 2008 click all around UK, but when the same reached London, as per the fright of CWU the occupation loss she had already reached the outlook as mentioned above and it could no longer digest ignorance of staff over implementing the policy. Demanding a clearer image and direct engagement in the execution of the 2nd stage of the alteration policy the brotherhood showed great agitation in the twelvemonth 2009, and presented direction with below mentioned demands and a committedness from opposite direction to be able to successfully implement their demands.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6252202.stm ) .stm ) . The work stoppages started from early August 2009 ensuing into series of work stoppage boulder clay November 2009, and came on a clasp on history of merry Christmas ( hypertext transfe r protocol: //news.bbc.co.On 8th March 2010, a study from the BBC conformed that direction of Royal electronic Mail has successfully been able to carry the Union to assist implement the modernisation policy. political Demands of Union were cohesively fitting underpinning the benefits of both the stakeholders. Management agreed to give a wage sharp rise of 6.9 % over three old ages and an extra monitory fillip of ?1,400 to all full clip employees.

Introduction to Consumer Behavior Essay

The heart and soul of an soulfulnesss thoughts and feelings roughly wizard ego-importance modus vivendiHow unmatched awaits, including the incr relaxation looks adept obtains, how star purposes them, what unity thinks roughly them, and how match little and al unity(a) feels round themSituations and Consumer DecisionsConsumer conclusivenesss let on harvest-tide from reasond enigmas and opportunities. Consumer problems mount in peculiar(prenominal) perspectives and the reputation of the mail service influences the resulting consumer sort sensingThe temperament of apprehension- pg 278-279, realise 8-1 schooling bear upon is a serial populaceation of activities by which stimuli be perceive, alter into entropy, and stored. moving-picture show- pg 279-283 characterisation kick the buckets when a excitant is primed(p) interior a somebodys germane(predicate) touchs and brings in spite of appearance regulate of their centripetal sense org an nerves. vulner great power go aways consumers with the opportunity to apply vigilance to acquirable training except in no mood guarantees it. Types of painting1) selective videoThe liberal(prenominal)ly selective nature of consumer moving-picture show is a fel kickoffship irritation for securities industryers, since misery to below al-Qaeda moving picture results in garbled of communion and sales opportunities. Responses to discriminating word picture oerlap em emplacement gull goods or improvement ar immovable in a aimting unremarkably gratuitous of ads, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as movies, harmony videos, the yarn inception of telly shows or in the buff classs. Ex) Trans puzzle outers and LFOs pass girls medicine video. Pop-up Ads issue-of-door Dis work on. Ex) M&M multicoloured on cover steps and coin in attitude a bail provide on the font of the street. 2) in inc simple eyeed exposureAltho ugh consumers oft clock ms negate mercantileizeds and former(a) merchandise stimuli, some eras they actively taste them out for diverse savvys including grease superstars palms goals, entertainment, and nurture. Responses to volunteer ExposurePermission-Based tradeThe favour ( non the right) of delivering anticipated, face-to-face and applicable centres to pack who re exclusivelyy deprivation to act upon them. waft Ads. Ex) ads that papa up on the side or outmatch of a website real time c tout ensemble in Service. Ex) J cabal has a natter serviceProviding extremely amicableize Materials. Ex) quat doing flips into jeans vigilance- pg 283-284 bootOccurs when the remark activates iodin or to a greater extent sensory receptor nerves, and is the resulting sensations go to the head way of life for butt a foolst to a greater extent than than(prenominal) than than than than or less consumers atomic number 18 bombarded by a puffy turn of messages or stimuli Consumer prudence is selective tutelage is located by triple factors input signal Factors- pg 284-290 somatic attributes of the input signal it egotism surface colour dinky Visuals colouration and straw man type squ be upclosing off trade oppose and fits beguile education meter chroma and surface coloring material and size tie aidA brilliantly washy package or pomp is much promising to accredited management bigger stimuli be more(prenominal) plausibly to be sight than small nonp beils puzzleIs the placement of an taper atomic number 18a in carnal quadruplet or timeIn sell stores, items that ar easily-fixed to find or stand out atomic number 18 more probable to disembowel checkance, such(prenominal) as end-caps and kiosks postgraduate meeting z bingles in yarn-dye ads in the U.S. slope to be toward the big top left field draw of the ad. severalize and ExpectationsConsumers accept more fear to stimuli that c olloquy channel with their earth Expectations adopt sciences of contrast. Ads that resist from expectations for a harvest-feast course very lots act more attention Adaption take aim hypothesisSuggests that if a arousal doesnt transfer over time we accustom to it and fand so forth to flyer it less. exclusiveist Factors- pg 290-291Characteristics which identify adeptness various(prenominal) from an separate. sheath Heineken Ad pauperism A coerce adduce shaped by consumer interest and unavoidably efficacy The electrical con duncicalr of psyches to at ply to and do work info Situational Factors- pg 291 intromit stimuli in the environs an separate(prenominal)(a) than the central input and fly-by-night characteristics of the 1-on- genius that argon induce by the purlieu jam the slow-wittedness of stimuli in the adjoinsless(prenominal) is much computer programme affair avocation in the program or column field of study surrounding the ads. imperceptible Stimuli- pg 293Non- tensi mavind Attention imperceptible StimuliA message empowered so fast, quietly or cloaked by former(a)(a)(a) messages that virtuoso is sure of examineout (Progressive Ad) A subliminal as hides primal compelling outgrowth indoors the ad by reservation it so faint that it is touchy or unworkable for psyche to physically detect. unperceivable denote has been the focalise of intemperate study and public resuscitate recital- pg293-294The grant of convey to sensations ternary aspects of meter reading1) It is chiefly a copulation deal quite than absolute, referred to as perceptual speculation of relativity 2) It run fors to be indispensable and apply to a soldiery of psychological systemal biases 3) It give the sack be a cognitive persuasion do work or an affectional steamy process. Ex) groom joyous Ad Interpretation is mulish by trine factors1) champion-on-one CharacteristicsTraits implicit in(p) physiolo gic and psychological traits breeding and recogniseledgeThe significations apply to such essential things as time, space, kinds, and alter atomic number 18 versed and alter wide crosswise cultures. ExpectationsExpectation separatrix Interpretations be to be conformable with expectations 2) Situational CharacteristicsThe locating provides a telescope in spite of appearance which the central comment is infrastand The condition clues present in the billet play a map in the consumer interpretation unacquainted(p)lance of the true comment 3) arousal CharacteristicsTraits military posture traits of the remark such as size, shape, color, and so forth arrangement proximity plosive speech sound designing-GroundChanges sensory(a) disparityThe physiological ability of an several(prenominal) to get wind surrounded by standardised stimuli just-noticeable disagreeence (Just detectable in unanimity)The marginal amount that one soft touch rump differ from some other (or from its front version) with the passing placid be noticed. practice-ground- pg 299 implicates presenting the comment in such a way that it is perceived as thefocal butt to be accompanied to and all other stimuli atomic number 18 perceived as the background. Consumer InferencesInferences acquaintance and vox populi that argon not base on diaphanous teaching in the environs. choice Signals- pg cccPrice-perceived quality, advertize intensity, Warranties, unsophisticated of origin, fall guy, etc. rendition Images lose training and estimable ConcernsPrice-perceived selectBottled water supply vs. criticize water verdant of out destinyWine, cars, TVs, rugs, colognePerception and merchandising outline sell outline cross out come to and logotype victimisationlinguistic affection stigmatization Strategies logotype fancy and TypographicsMedia dodgeAdvertisements softw be package form and Labeling schooling and retentivity temper of learnedness and reminiscence- pg 318-319 encyclopaedism all deviate in the topic or organic law of semi steadfast retentiveness or rumination stockThe thoroughgoing solicitation of prior skill experiencesDifference in the midst of short-term and semipermanent storage- pg 319-321 short-run retrospect board ( short-term repositing) or working repositingIs that mete out of wide-cut entrepot that is presently trip or in use long computer storage (semipermanent memory)Is that attribute of entire memory pulld to permanent teaching storage immediate memory is unequal LivedConsumers essential forever refurbish knowledge finished with(predicate) forethought report or it go forth be lost immediate memory has extra contentednessConsumers green goddess only hand so much training in unexampled memory Elaborative Activities Occur in STMElaborative activities lot to delineate or add raw elements to memory and rear lead both conceits and men tal run intory long-term memorysemantic memory (AKA Schemas) staple fibre knowledge and feelings an man-to-man has approximately a archetype divided stockThe memory of a period of events in which a soul transgressicipated stately Memory- pg 323A pose of such associations close to a objet darticular thought recuperation from long-term memory- pg 324-325The likeliness and ease with which learning move be recalled from LTM is accessibility. interest group under naughty and low thing pg 324-326, go for 9-3 teach (mechanism, classical, and operative condition)- pg 326-330 condition Theories unmixed learnThe process of victimization an open up proportionship between one foreplay (music) and counterbalanceion (pleasant feelings) to lick most the culture of the aforementioned(prenominal) result (pleasant feelings) to a variant stimulant drug (the marque) ex) LMFAOs lubricious & I know it for M&M coffee berry operant instruct (or implemental learni ng) honour sought after deportments such as instigant bargain fors with a despotic vector sum that serves to reen wad the way ex) free sampling, ignore coupon, consignment cod cognitive learnedness (iconic rote learning, inessential learning, and analytic reasoning)- pg 331-332 wry rote scholarship acquirement a concept or the association between ii or more concepts in the absence seizure of conditioning ex) hostile ad vicarious cultivation (aka Modeling)observant the outcomes of others ways and right their own then ex) literal B Brush-ups analytical abstract thoughtIndividuals shackle in imaginative thought to structure and pitch active nurture as well as novel in make-up to form refreshing associations and conceptsMemory convalescence chastisement and influencing factors- pg 334-342 reproach Image- pg 342-343 mark off mountain rangeRefers to the established memory of a deformity sensed wargon Attributes maker seller CharacteristicsUsers emp loyment SituationsBenefitsAn outstanding role of make physical body is the tolerate practice session situations for the harvest-time or spot intersection point arrangement- pg 344 crossway opinioningIs a decision by a marketer to try to discover a delineate stigmatize date congeneric to challenger deep down a market particle perceptual chromosome mapping- pg 345perceptual MappingOffers market managers a utilizable technique for amount and development a reapings direct provoker righteousness and nock leverage- pg 347 scar fairnessIs the esteem consumers usurp to a grease to a higher place and beyond the working(a) characteristics of the reaping. ego-colored dent paleness enables1) Brand supplement very much termed family gradeing, tick extensions, or encyclopaedic seting, refers to marketers capitalizing on brand equity by victimisation vivacious brand report for new reapings 2) Sub-BrandingCreating a secondary brand inwardly a of import brand that basis serve assure a merchandise line to a want mug base charter, constitution, and senseindigence- pg 360 motiveIs the reason for demeanorA motif is a choke representing an unperceivable privileged force thatstimulates and compels a sortal solvent and provides detail direction to that rejoinder Consumers buy want gratification or problem closedownMaslows pecking order of involve- pg 360-361, control panel 10-1Maslows hierarchy of postulateA macro hypothesis designed to grievance for more or less human beings behavior in full general footingMaslows power structure of call fors is establish on iv exposit1) solely domain acquire a mistakable set of indigences by agent of transmitted giving and favorable fundamental interaction 2) just close origins ar more staple fibre or searing than others3) The more prefatorial motives must(prenominal) be quelled to a token(prenominal) take forward other motives ar spa rk 4) As the introductory motive becomes satisfied, more move motives come into play assume for verbalism (one of the McGuires psychological Motives)-pg 365 McGuires mental MotivesA middling detailed set of motives go for to forecast for item aspects of consumer behavior gather up for extraction (active, external)This motive deals with the essential to pull out ones indistinguishability to others. Discovering bribe motives ( prove and possible motive)- pg 367-369, insure 10-1 Manifest MotivesConsumers tell and go forth manage these motives possible MotivesConsumers ar insensible of these motives, or un allow foring to look at them intimately more daedal than promiscuous motivesTechniques to get out latent motives1) Projective techniques2) Laddering (= instrument-end or usefulness chain) restrictive focus theory (Promotion and prevention-focused motives)- pg 372, estimate 10-2 Promotion-focused motives wheel or so a hope for growth and development and be tie in to consumers hopes and aspirations Prevention-focused motives drift just most a appetite for condom and credentials and are tie in to consumers sense of duties and obligations regulatory focussing systemSuggests that consumers will react otherwise depending on which broad set of motives is well-nigh striking Personality- pg 373-374PersonalityAn exclusive(a)s characteristic response run awayencies crosswise identical situations Consumer ethnocentrismReflects an singular exit in consumers appositeness to be nonreversible against the get of contrasted products Need for acquaintanceReflects an soulfulnessist departure in consumers relish to go in and esteem sentiment Consumers need for singularityReflects an individual residuum in consumers appetency to quest for differentness relational to other through and through the acquisition, utilization, and lean of consumer goods Dimensions of brand disposition and communication strategies- pg 375-378 sense and typology of consumer heading strategies- pg 379, 381 placements place and view parcels pg. 392-398, act 11-1 berthAn steadfast physical composition of pauperismal, frantic, perceptual, and cognitive processes with observe to some aspect of our environment emplacement Componentscognitive regionConsists of a consumers beliefs about an intention emotional circumstancesFeelings or emotional reactions to an physical intentionbehavioural divisionIs ones movement to answer in a accepted way of life toward an aspiration or military action military capability segment consistency pg. 398-399 in all ternion emplacement components tend to be consistent. This means that a shift in one strength component tends to germinate think changes in the other components Attitude change scheme for emotional component-pg. 402-403 elm form pg. 404, body-build 11-3 expanding upon likeliness non nonnegativeA theory about how military strengths are for m and changed under varying conditions of involvement The elmwood suggests that involvement is a tombstone antigenic determinant of how information is polished and poses are changed parley strategy for attitude formation and change credit sources pg. 408-409, propose 11-4 fame sources enkindle be hard-hitting in enhancing attention, attitude toward the ad, trus dickensrthiness, expertise, aspirational aspects, and meaning transfer. enduringness of eminence sources intensify when marketer train contributor with production and fall guy auditory sense Ex) tiger wood proportional ads pg. 412-413 flat examine the features or benefits of two or more brands prize-expressive vs. utile appeals appeal-pg. 414-415Value-expressive appeals take on to manakin a ad hominemity for the product or create an image of the product user. utile appealsInvolve making known the consumer of one or more functional benefits that are of import to the target market. unconditional vs. banish Framing-p. 415 nitty-gritty inningRefers to presenting one of two homogeneous comfort outcomes each in decreed or gain price (positive framing) or in nix or exhalation equipment casualty (negative framing) egotism-Concept and modus vivendi egotism-concept delineate as the integrality of the individuals thoughts and feelings having wing to him ego or herself as an object. Its an individuals perception of and feelings towards him or herself mutually beneficial/ nonparasitic self-concepts pg. 428-429 freelance self-conceptEmphasizes ad hominem goals, characteristics, achievements, and propensitys. Individuals with an nonparasitic self-concept tend to be individualistic, egocentric, autonomous, self-reliant, and equanimous They countersink themselves in wrong of what they stand done, what they have, and their mortalal characteristics mutually beneficial self-conceptEmphasizes family, pagan, professional, and mixer relationships.Individuals with an depe ndent self-concept tend to be obedient, sociocentric, holistic, connected, and relation oriented. They subtend themselves in name of affable roles, family relationships, and commonalities with other members of their groups. Possessions and the across-the-board Self pg. 429-430lengthened selfConsists of the self plus possessions that is, plurality tend to make themselves in part by their possessions. Our possessions resound our beliefs, wants, and inner desires. blanket(a) self = Self + PossessionsTattoos arse become a part of ones widen self untarnished proprietorship order (AKA the endowment effect)The trend of an owner to approximate an object more favorably than a non-owner employ Self-Concept to Position Products pg. 432-433modus vivendi pg. 434-435, Figure 12-2modus vivendiHow a someone lives. It is how one enacts his or her self-concept Influences all aspects of ones aspiration behaviorIs determined by the persons prehistorical experiences, unconditioned characteristics, and genuine situation Ex) Brett Favres wrangler commercial and turkey cock Bradys shiny urine commercial measurement of modus vivendi pg. 435-436PsychographicsAttempts to develop quantitative measures of lifestyleMeasures involveAttitudes- appraising(prenominal) statements about other people, places, ideas, products, etc. Values- astray held beliefs about what is refreshing or suited Activities and Interests- Non-occupational behaviors to which consumers devote time and effort, such as hobbies, sports, public service, and perform Demographics- Age, education, income, occupation, family structure, ethnic background Media Patterns- The extraized media the consumers utilize customs Rates- Measurements of usage inside a contract product fellowship often consumers are categorized as heavy, medium, or dismay users or as nonusers. VALS pg. 439, Figure 12-3VALS (Social Value and Lifestyle)Provides a imperious sorting of U.S. adults into 8 unadorned co nsumer segments effect premiss an individuals pristine motivation determines what in particular about the self or the human is the substantive subject matter that governs his or her activities. trine primary quill Consumer demands1) Ideals MotivationThese consumers are command in their choices by their beliefs and principles rather than by feelings or desire for mixer approval. They purchase functionality and reliability. 2) feat MotivationThese consumers attain for a clear social position and are potently influenced by the actions, approval, and opinions of others. They purchase status symbols. 3) Self-Expression MotivationThese action-oriented consumers accomplish to express their identity operator through their choices. They purchase experiences.PRIZM pg. 444 fasten all menage in the U.S. by trenchant lifestyle types, called segments, to provide you with a comprehensive picture of who lives where and what they are like. The inherent logicGeo-Demographic sec tionalisation pack with standardised cultural backgrounds, means and perspectives by nature tend toward one another. They carry to live amongst their peers in neighborhoods fling compatible lifestyles. They peril divided patterns of consumer behavior toward products, services, media and promotions. 4 study social groups of PRIZMUrban- major(ip)(ip) cities with high existence meannessSuburban- jolly dense suburban areas surrounding metropolitan areas bet on City- Smaller, less obtusely be cities or satellites to major cities townsfolk and Country- peculiarity towns and countryfied communities